قسم القانون العام

The Brief case is one of the important topics in the Code of Criminal Procedure, It concerns minor violations of wide application in the courts, which were regulated by the Iraqi legislator with special provisions, for the purpose of speeding up the settlement of the criminal case in the interest of the accused, all parties to the criminal case, the court and the community as well. The purpose of the project is to legislate procedures and combat delays in settling the case. That is, for the purpose of arriving at the truth, a fair judgment, and resolving the case with quick and short procedures, and at the lowest material costs, in order to achieve the general benefit of all parties to the brief case. Also, the rules for the trial procedures in the brief lawsuit are features that distinguish the brief lawsuit from other lawsuits, and it is part of the brief penal procedures that the countries of the world tended to adopt and stipulate in their penal legislation , especially as we live in the age of technology and speed, and for the purpose of shortening the trial procedures by abbreviating the statements of the parties to the case and not accusing the accused and passing a simple punishment when the evidence is sufficient to judge the accused, and these rules the court is obliged to apply during the consideration of the brief case and when issuing the final decision or judgment therein. Despite the availability of all the guarantees of the accused to defend his rights, including the right of the accused to be present at the trial, his right to a public trial, his right to appoint a lawyer to defend his rights, and his right to challenge the judgment issued against him by all means of legal appeal, however, it is not permissible for the court to rule innocence in the brief case in accordance with the applicable Iraqi Code of Criminal Procedure. Rather, it is allowed to issue a release decision only. Noting the great difference between the effects of the acquittal ruling and the effects of the release decision with regard to the court and the parties to the criminal case, especially the accused, for The accused, after the issuance of the decision to celebrate the wedding, and within a period of one year in a legal situation

The study dealt with the definition of the concept of the recovery of cultural property, in accordance with a precise presentation of the most important international conventions that defined this concept. It then proceeded to put forward the principles governing restitution, especially the principle of international law, the principle of territoriality and their impact on the principle of restitution. In view of the existence of formal and objective conditions to complete the implementation of this principle, while acknowledging the existence of criticism of each of these conditions, which may lead to the release of the condition or the whole subject of its content, that the suspicion of Iraq from the illegal trading of cultural property and difficulties In restitution This shows the multiplicity and diversity of means of recovery, which shows the urgent need to indicate the way for governments, organizations and stakeholders to contribute to the recovery of Iraqi cultural property by determining the mechanisms that can be followed for the recovery of such property, in the chaos of legislation and the lack of knowledge of the mechanisms and means that Through which the Iraqi state can restore its lost heritage as the international legislations concerned have agreed on the right of Iraq to recover its cultural property through national and international means. The legal necessity is to activate the UN Security Council resolutions and regulations. Competent in order to prevent the trafficking of Iraqi cultural property and work to bring it back, and the conclusion of bilateral agreements in order to recover as much as possible from our property located abroad, because some states provide

إن الجريمة العابرة للحدود كانت ولا تزال محل اهتمام من قبل الفقهاء والباحثين، اذ فرضت الجريمة العابرة للحدود الاهتمام بها من قبل الفقه، نظرا لما تحمله من تهديد لأمن المجتمعات وسلمها على المستويين الدولي والوطني، خصوصا وأن العالم قد انتقل من زمن الحروب والعدوان إلى زمن الإجرام المنظم، وتعد الجريمة العابرة للحدود من الأفكار التي يحيط بها الإبهام والغموض، بحسبانها تختزل في ثناياها عالما خفيا متسع الأرجاء، وهي افعال غير مشروعة تهدف غالباً للربح ترتكبها جماعة إجرامية باستخدام التهديد أو العنف او الرشوة حيث تتصف هذه الجماعة الإجرامية بالاستمرارية والتنظيم الهيكلي المتدرج، اذ يعمل اعضاؤها وفق نظام داخلي يحدد دور كل منهم، ويكفل ولائهم لأوامر رؤسائهم ويمتد نشاطها الإجرامي عبر عدة دول. ويتميز التحقيق الابتدائي في الجرائم العابرة للحدود أهمية بالغة من المنظورين العملي والعلمي، اذ يشير الواقع العملي بوضوح الى إمكانية القيام بالتحقيق الابتدائي من قبل السلطات الاجنبية في حال وقوع جرائم عابرة للحدود، بالمقابل من الممكن ان يتم التحقيق من قبل المحققين الوطنيين في حال حدثت الجريمة خارج حدود الدولة، وبهذا الصدد ذهب المشرع العراقي في نص المادة (53) من قانون أصول المحاكمات الجزائية في الفقرة (ب) بالقول "اذا وقعت الجريمة خارج العراق فيجرى التحقيق فيها من قبل احد قضاة التحقيق يندبه لذلك رئيس مجلس القضاء الاعلى " ومن ثم يمكن لسلطات التحقيق الابتدائي ان تمارس اجراءات التحقيق في الجرائم العابرة للحدود، من خلال التعاون الدولي المتمثل بالاتفاقيات الدولية الجماعية او الثنائية، ومن بين الاتفاقيات التي انظم اليها العراق رسميا هي اتفاقية مكافحة الاتجار بالبشر المنعقدة في عام 2000 واتفاقية الأمم المتحدة لمكافحة الجريمة المنظمة عبر الوطنية والبروتوكولين الملحقين بها رقم (20) لسنة 2007، وبهذا يمكن للقاضي العراقي ان يمارس الاجراءات التحقيقية في الجرائم العابرة للحدود خارج اقليم الدولة العراقية، اما بالنسبة للجانب العلمي نجد ان موضوع الدراسة يعد من الموضوعات الخصبة للبحث، اذ انه يتضمن تسليط الضوء على محاور إجرائية كثيرة جدا قد تسبب اختلافات فقهية وقضائية وتشريعية عديدة وتجد مجالا رحبا لإبداء الرأي والاجتهاد فيها على المستويات المذكورة. من هنا تظهر أهمية دراسة موضوع الجريمة العابرة للحدود، بوصفه موضوع جدير بالاهتمام والرعاية، خاصة مع تنامي وتزايد الوعي والإدراك الدولي بخطورة هذه الجريمة التي أضحت تشكل صعوبة بالغة لأجهزة إنفاذ القانون، وخاصة أنظمة العدالة الجزائية في مجال المكافحة المقررة لها، ولا سيما الجهات القضائية المختصة بإجراءات التحقيق الابتدائي. وقد اعتمدت هذه الدراسة المنهج المقارن، للمقارنة بين احكام التشريع العراقي واحكام التشريع الفرنسي من الدول الأجنبية بحسبانه من التشريعات التي خطت خطوات متقدمة بهذا الشأن، ومن التشريعات العربية تمت المقارنة معها تشريعات كل من مصر والامارات العربية المتحدة ، كما وقفت الدراسة على مختلف الاتجاهات الفقهية والقضائية بخصوص المسائل التي طرحها موضوع البحث. وبناء عليه جاء موضوع هذه الاطروحة ليتناول بالشرح والتحليل الجوانب العلمية والعملية لإجراءات التحقيق الابتدائي في الجرائم العابرة للحدود وبيان أساسها النظري والتشريعي واهم تطبيقاتها العملية في إطار التعاون المشترك بين الدول في ضوء ما تم ابرامه من اتفاقيات ثنائية وجماعية، وفي ضوء بعض الاتفاقيات الدولية الشارعة، كما انه يتضمن الأساس التشريعي للتحقيق الابتدائي في الجرائم العابرة للحدود على المستوى التشريعي الداخلي، وبناءً عليه نجد قاضي التحقيق العراقي قد يمتد اختصاصه الى الجرائم التي تعد ذات طابع عبر وطني وهي الجرائم التي تحتم على القاضي العراقي ان يتعاون بالتحقيق في صددها اذ ما رأت سلطاتها القضائية تخويل القاضي العراقي صلاحية التحقيق وارسلت بذلك طلبا رسميا في حال كانت الجريمة المرتكبة قد نتجت اثارها في العراق، وقد عبرت عن ذلك اتفاقية الأمم المتحدة لمكافحة الجريمة عبر الوطنية بالقول ان ضحايا تلك الجرائم او الشهود عليها او عائداتها والادوات المستعملة في ارتكابها او الادلة عليها قد وجدت في الدولة الطرف متلقية طلب وان جماعة اجرامية منظمة ضالعة في ارتكاب الجرم، وعلى ذلك يمكن عد القاضي العراقي ذا صلاحية استثنائية فحواها النظر في الجرائم الواقعة في دولة اخرى وذلك خلافا لما هو معهود من تطبيق القانون العراقي تطبيقا اقليميا، وقد يكون العكس بان تمارس سلطات تحقيقية اجنبية بعض إجراءات التحقيق الابتدائي على الإقليم العراقي وكل ذلك في ضوء ما تم ابرامه من المعاهدات وما تم الاستقرار عليه من التعامل الدولي. وقد قسمت هذه الدراسة الى ثلاث فصول لكل فصل مبحثين، اذ تم تخصيص الفصل الاول الى ماهية التحقيق الابتدائي في الجرائم العابرة للحدود، اما الفصل الثاني فقد خصص الى اساس التحقيق الابتدائي في الجرائم العابرة للحدود، وفي الفصل الثالث تناولنا تطبيقات التحقيق الابتدائي في الجرائم العابرة للحدود، وفي إطار بعض تطبيقات التحقيق الابتدائي في الجرائم العابرة للحدود، تطرقت الدراسة الى موضوعات عديدة من الانابة القضائية والمساعدة القضائية المتبادلة في الجرائم العابرة للحدود، وكذلك استرداد المجرمين واسترداد الأصول الجنائية في الإطار المذكور نفسه وهو الجرائم العابرة للحدود، وتوصل البحث الى جملة كبيرة من النتائج والتوصيات التي نأمل ان تجد طريقها الى يد المشرع العراقي ليأخذها بالحسبان وكان اهمها؛ تعد المساعدة القضائية المتبادلة واحدة من أهم مظاهر التعاون الدولي في مجال مكافحة الجريمة العابرة للحدود، وهي المساعدة التي تتم بين جهات قضائية تابعة لأكثر من دولة واحدة بصدد ملاحقة هذه الجريمة، والواضح أن المساعدة القضائية المتبادلة تقوم على فكرة التنسيق بين السلطات القضائية التابعة لدولتين على الأقل، وذلك من أجل اتخاذ إجراءات التحقيق المتطلبة في دولة ليس هي الدولة الناظرة في الجريمة العابرة للحدود بسبب أن أركان الجريمة امتدت لتشمل هذين الدولتين، وذلك من أجل ضمان إخضاع مقترفي هذه الجريمة إلى محاكمة عادلة قائمة على احترام الحقوق والحريات، كما واوصيانا بضرورة مراعاة المحاكم الجزائية العراقية خطورة الجرائم العابرة للحدود لدى النظر في إمكانية الإفراج المبكر أو المشروط عن الأشخاص المتهمين بارتكاب تلك الجرائم، ومن المهم ان يستعمل السادة قضاة التحقيق سلطتهم المنصوص عليها بالمادة (109) /(أ) من قانون أصول المحاكمات الجزائية العراقي في توقيف المتهمين بتلك الجرائم وعدم إطلاق سراحهم بكفالة، لان إطلاق سراحهم في هذه المرحلة قد يؤدي الى هربهم وقد يضر بسير التحقيق بالنظر لخطورة الجرائم المرتكبة في إقليم أكثر من دولة

بحثت الرسالة دور الضمانات الدولية(والمتمثلة بالمنظمات والهيئات والأجهزة التابعة لـ UN) بضمان الحقوق المدنية والسياسية من قبل الدول اثناء تفشي الجائحة, وتبحث الضمانات الإقليمية (بإطار منظمة الدول الأمريكية لجنة البلدان الأمريكية لحقوق الإنسان منها, وبإطار منظمة الوحدة الأفريقية اللجنة الأفريقية لحقوق الإنسان والشعوب ,وبإطار الجامعة العربية اللجنة العربية لحقوق الإنسان واللجنة العربية الدائمة لحقوق الإنسان) ودورها ومدى فعاليتها بالاستجابة للمخاطر الحالية المتمثلة بالقيود المفروضة من الدول نتيجة تفشي الجائحة وأثرها على الحقوق المدنية والسياسية بهدف ضمان عدم انتهاكها للحقوق ودوام فعاليتها باستمرار . وتبحث الرسالة التطورات بإحكام المحاكم الدولية لحقوق الإنسان , لأنها تهدي لضمان أن تكون القيود المفروضة لمواجهة الجائحة متوافقة مع حقوق الانسان ككل, ومنها الحقوق المدنية والسياسية ,خصوصاً المحكمة الاوربية لحقوق الإنسان كضمانة للحقوق المدنية والسياسية أثناء تفشي الجائحة, وبعض الاجتهادات و المبادئ التي وضعتها ,وهل استرشدت بها الهيئات الدولية والاقليمية والدول. وتنتهي ببحث التزام الدول بالحقوق المدنية والسياسية بإجراءاتها المتخذة لمواجهة الجائحة وتسعى لمناقشة ووصف الاستثناءات التي يجوز للدول بموجبها تقييد التزامها بهذه الحقوق لمقتضيات الصحة العامة (الجائحة)وفق نصوص العهد الدولي للحقوق المدنية و السياسية لتحديد شروطها وحدودها على ضوء مقارنة استجابة العراق والدول الاخرى من ناحية الموازنة بين الحقوق المدنية والسياسية وحماية الصحة العامة وما قد ينتج عن ذلك من تجاوز وانتهاك لبعض الحقوق . وقد خرجت الرسالة بتوصيات عدة أهمها عدم كفاية المبادئ الواردة بالصكوك الدولية بالتعامل مع الجائحة إذ فاقت تصورات المجتمع الدولي ككل. لذلك توصي بتكييف وتعديل النصوص الدولية التي رعت الحقوق المدنية والسياسية مع الاستجابة الدولية لحالات الجوائح, مثل جائحة كورونا لتلافي الأخطاء و الثغرات التي كشفتها الجائحة بالتعامل مع جوائح مستقبلية.

Abstract: Maritime transport represents the main element in the field of transport in the world, as it represents approximately 85% of all other means of transport, and this means, despite the advantages it provides represented by the size of the movables, there are goods that are difficult, if not impossible, to be transported by anything other than ships. However, this method is characterized by complex technical methods in order to ensure the safe arrival of the ship to its destination, and these complications arise from the size of the sailing ships, the amount of goods transported on them, and the difficulties or obstacles facing the ships while sailing from the dangers of the sea. All of these factors necessitated that the crew in charge of the trip be Qualified in a way that allows him to be able to drive the ship safely from its point of departure until its point of arrival. These qualifications must be available from the captain of the ship to the youngest worker on board the ship. This crew, represented by the captain and his subordinates, may make a mistake from one of them while sailing, leading to the voyage being exposed to risks represented by obstructing thevoyage from reaching its destination, or even exposing the ship or the goods to the risk of damage or destruction, and because the field of maritime transport is the sea in which it is difficult to control the ship because of what it represents. The sea is plagued by climatic difficulties that are almost inseparable from the sea, which exposes every sea voyage to these difficulties and obstacles. This led investors to include a condition in transport contracts stipulating that the carrier is not responsible for navigational errors made by the crew. It has become customary to mention this condition in maritime transport contracts. This condition, which has become mentioned in almost every bill of lading, was not accepted by the owners of the transported goods, but they were forced to do so due to the carriers’ insistence on mentioning this condition in the bills of lading. The condition of exemption from responsibility included by investors in bills of lading is not supported by a legal basis. This condition is the result of maritime transport customs and has remained at the edges of these customs. As a result of shippers’ dissatisfaction with mentioning this condition in bills of lading, investors tried to have this condition have a legal basis. This culminated in the issuance of the American Harter Act in 1893, which recognized the existence of this condition. The idea of research is centered on navigational errors made by marines (such as the captain and pilot of the ship), that is, in determining the navigational error, attributing this error to its perpetrator, and the legal regulation of the navigational error, and since marines have a subordination relationship with the sea carrier, this relationship is governed by the maritime employment contract, which is a contract that adheres to Under it, a person called the navigator (the captain, the guide, and the marine engineers) works on board a ship in exchange for a wage promised by the supplier. research importance. The subject of navigational error is one of the important topics within the scope of private law in general and maritime law in particular, as the subject of navigational error was and is still a subject of jurisprudential and legal disagreement among some of them as to whether the maritime carrier is responsible or not. The reason behind this disagreement can be traced back to the maritime carrier’s responsibility for its subordinates. Those who have a dependent relationship with it, especially since these errors come from them and not from the carrier. This has led to the difficulty and complexity of the maritime carrier’s responsibility, and the difficulty of treating the damages resulting from navigational errors when they occur exacerbates their severity and thus doubles the compensation amounts. In this regard, we chose to have “the effect of “Navigational errors are the responsibility of the maritime carrier” as a subject for study.

ان استحداث البلديات يعد من المواضيع المهمة في التنظيم الإداري اللامركزي لكونه يقوم على توزيع المهام بين السلطات المركزية وهيئات إقليمية محلية لذا تشكل البلديات مستوى هام في البناء الإداري للدولة، وإن قيام التنظيم الإداري على أساس الأسلوب المركزي وحده أمر لم يعد يتلاءم مع اتساع مجالات نشاط الإدارة في الدولة المعاصرة، لذا ينبغي أن تعهد إدارة المرافق المحلية إلى هيئات محلية تشاركها العبء مثل البلديات والسمة المميزة لهذه الهيئات هي الاستقلال النسبي وتمتعها بالشخصية المعنوية، أي أنها يجب أن تكون تحت إشراف الحكومة المركزية ورقابتها. وتتمتع البلدية بجملةً من الخصائص منها كونها إدارة محلية تخضع الى رقابة السلطة المركزية وتعمل ضمن اطار قانوني لا يمكن ان تخرج عنه ويجب ان تكون جميع نشاطاتها وقراراتها مطابقه له ,وحرصها على اداء واجبها والصلاحيات التي تتمتع بها في اتم وجه وباعلى درجة من الكفاءة وذلك عبر اطلاع الحكومة المركزية على موازنة الإدارة المحلية التي تعد أساس مهم من الأسس التي توضح أدائها ,ولقد حدد المشرع في الدول المقارنة جمل من الشروط الشكلية والموضوعية لاستحداث البلديات والتي تتفاوت في مرونتها في بعض الدول وتشددها في دول أخرى ان قرار استحداث البلديات قرارً إداريّ, صادر بموجب قانون صادر من السلطة التشريعية ولقرار الاستحداث عدة صور فهو اما إنشاء او إستحداث او دمج او رفع مستوى بلديات وان صورة رفع مستوى بلدية هي من اكثر الصور المعمول بها حاليا في العراق نتيجة لتطور المجتمع العراقي وتوفر المعايير المطلوبة لذلك اما في الأردن ولبنان فان صورة الدمج (الضم)كانت الاوضح ويخضع قرار إستحداث البلديات الى رقابة السلطة المركزية التي تكون مشددة في لبنان ومزدوجة في الأردن (تمارس من قبل وزارة الداخلية ووزارة البلديات) اما في العراق الرقابة المباشرة على قرار الاستحداث لوزير البلديات اما مجلس الوزراء فهي رقابة توجيه واشراف . فبينا أهمية الدراسة وذلك لمعالجة النقص في الدراسات الاكاديمية الخاصة باستحداث البلديات وكذلك معالجة الثغرات و النقص في التشريعات المتعلقة بالموضوع أعلاه من خلال ابراز اوجة الاختلاف مع التشريعات المقارنه . اما مشكلة الدراسة فتكمن غياب التنظيم القانوني الحديث و الواضح والمفصل المعدل لقانون إدارة البلديات والخاصة باستحداث البلديات في العراق فساهم في تضارب القرارت وتاثيرها على تلبية الاحتياجات المحلية مقارنة بماهو معمول به في الدول محل المقارنة التي تنظم هذه الإجراءات ضمن قانون خاص او نظام اداري دقيق

The water resources policies pursued by neighboring riparian countries with Iraq in the Tigris and Euphrates basins had significant effects on Iraq's shares of water resources, It started in the early seventies of the twentieth century, And that was when Turkey began filling the Kiban reservoir, and continued to work on the completion of the Southeast Anatolia Project (GAB), And Syria by dictating the Tabqa dam, and Iran’s work to restrict water releases in the tributaries of the Tigris and the Karkheh and Karun rivers, This is in addition to the climatic changes that occurred during this period, so Iraq's share of water resources began to decrease, and this was accompanied by an increase in demand for it, This share is no longer sufficient to meet Iraq's needs of water resources, unless there is a rational policy for its distribution Therefore, the distribution of water resources in Iraq is the most important legislative and regulatory measure that constitutes an effective guarantee of the water rights of individuals and bodies, This importance necessitated that this distribution should have principles that govern its rules, that it be implemented by federal public bodies, and that local bodies and individuals be subject to it, This study dealt with the issue of the legal regulation of the distribution of water resources in Iraq by following up on the developments that have occurred over time, and clarifying its concept and the philosophical and legal principles that govern its rules In it, she explained the legal mechanisms used in Iraq as a federal state once, and administrative decentralization once again, This study examined the constitutional flaws in the legal structure of the state and the distribution of competencies in it, which negatively affected the distribution of water resources, The scope of this study was limited in terms of place in Iraq, and in terms of time in the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq for the year 2005, and in terms of tools, the study focused on the most important water resources in Iraq, namely the Tigris and Euphrates basins, The importance of this study lies in the fact that it sheds light for the first time on this title in response to constitutional reasons, and it addressed the major problem that it targeted, which lies in the legislative deficiency of this subject, And she was able to reach the conclusion that the entire legislative system that governs water resources in Iraq, did not address the legal regulation of the distribution of water resources in it between the region and the governorates that are not organized in a region, on this one hand, On the other hand, it touched in one text that is timid and disturbing to the distribution of water resources within the single local unit, and that this study tried to address this legislative deficiency and proposed, for this purpose, a law for the distribution of water resources, which included the most important standards it reached in accordance with the principle of justice in the distribution of water resources, which Wanted by the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq mentioned

It is well known fact that the law represents the front facet of society, for It is a reflection of the society’s values, principles, and economic and social conditions. This saying applies to the field of our research, since the development of society in all its fields gives drive to create new moral rights, especially in the field of intellectual property. National laws have expressed interest in providing protection for the author only and overlooked many other categories, most notably the performing artist, especially since these categories have as much importance as the author. To encounter this marginalization that was facing the artist, international conventions decided to be the initiative in protecting this artist, so the Rome Convention of 1961 surfaced , followed by the WIPO Convention of 1996. And on the approach of these agreements and after the developments in the means of publishing and communication that made the artist have a great impact on society, so the laws took action to protect the artist, including the French intellectual property law which is one of the most prominent and early laws that regulated the rights of the performing artist in detail, as well as the Egyptian intellectual property law, for it functions on addressing the rights of the performing artist, starting from defining the performing artist leading to his literary and financial rights ,to the characteristics that this artist should be distinguished by. Whereas in these laws the legislator refers to the necessity of distinguishing between the legal position of the performing artist and the author, in the French law it states that in the event of conflict between copyright and the right of the performing artist, copyright overrides the rights of the rest of the parties participating in the artistic work without setting conditions for the supremacy of this right . The jurisprudence began to explain this rule, and we noticed that the judiciary had relied on many Abstract

In the political and constitutional structures of all governments, big or little, the office of the president of the republic does hold a lot of weight. It is regarded as the head of the country and a significant member who oversees the body of the country, keeps it safe, advances and safeguards its unity, and establishes its independence from other states. The president of a country is regarded as holding the oldest office, and the country derives its existence from him. The presidency is created in accordance with his significance and elevated status at the interim and extreme levels. He needs to be shielded from harm that could endanger his life, his physical safety, or his honor and reputation. All countries continue to criminalize these behaviors and bring harsh penalties against individuals who engage in them rather than against regular people. It should be clear notified, that the text of the republic president’s safety should be made against willful injury and purposeful homicide. Therefore, crimes against the president of the republic are punishable by a variety of punishments, including the death sentence, life in prison, and, in some cases, temporary incarceration. Additionally, purposeful harm, even threats and insults are charged with severe penalties to preserve the state's positions. The study will look at the most significant crimes against the president of the republic's life, which include purposeful homicide, crimes against the president's body and safety, such as willful injury, and crimes against the president's dignity and reputation, such as public insult and threat.

The Constitutions are almost not devoid of mentioning a number of rights and freedoms according to their importance, whereas the constitutional judiciary is responsible for clarifying the contents of these rights so that the ordinary legislator does not cross the limits set by the constitutional legislator for them. As the constitutional judiciary strives to provide real guarantees for them, and transfer them from the concept of formal protection to real protection, which penetrates into the depths of the explicit text, clarifying what it contains of branching rights, within the branching technique, which is a judicial discretionary process through which constitutional rights can be accessed from explicit constitutional rights, Within specific controls represented by the inadmissibility of branching in violation of the explicit texts and the prevailing idea in the constitution and without departing from the final purpose of the explicit texts, and that the process of branching is justified by certain reasons represented by the constitutional formulation and the steady development of rights and the difficulties of amending constitutions. The branching technique, which is the means of the judiciary to reach the branching rights, seems at first sight to be mixed with the technique of interpretation, as the judiciary uses it to reach the will of the constitutional legislator after clarifying the ambiguity, deficiency and contradiction, However, the branching technique is distinguished from the interpretation technique, because the latter leads to the statement of the limits of the constitutional text and entails an increase in it, which is a legitimate increase because it is based on the text itself , the branching result, represented by the branching rights of the constitution, is unique in features and descriptions that distinguish the unwritten constitutional principles represented by gradual and binding. The constitutional judiciary relies, in the branching process, to the constitutional functions entrusted to it and within the limits of the judicial function, and in light of the purpose of its existence, which is the protection of constitutionality. Therefore, his function requires that the explicit right be subdivided to clarify its contents or the rights it guarantees, because the constitutional protection extends to these contents or contents. As a result of the fact that branching is related to the constitutional judiciary’s function of protecting constitutional supremacy as well as the nature of the rulings it issues that are absolutely authentic, so it is unique in practicing this technique of branching. The constitutional judiciary can accept the appeal related to the protection of a branched right because the interest of the appellant is related to the implicit meanings of the constitutional text, and then the legal reference to be protected for these contents is based on what justifies accepting the interest of the appellant to protect a branched right. As for the bases that the constitutional judiciary can adopt to nullify legal texts that contradict branched rights, they are: to protect the branched right on the basis that it represents the essence of the explicit right or a vital field of the explicit right, or it correlates with the explicit right because it is one of its conditions or necessary elements. And if the Federal Court adopts the branching technique, after observing its controls, it can delineate for the ordinary legislator the limits of his discretion in regulating rights and freedoms, and connects the court to many branching rights that go hand in hand with explicit rights, thus ensuring real protection of constitutional rights. The researcher seeks to frame the constitutional branching with an integrated theory in terms of conditions and controls so that the) constitution is not violated, disrupted, or doubted under the guise of branching.

The Topic of our research deals with the subject titled (Administrative Protection of Freedom to Travel- Comparative Study). Therefore, the administrative authority in the protection which has been determined in the constitution and with its measure has preceded in detail the topic of the administrative protection, as being the means and measures developed by the executive authority. The protection will make the authority in a position to organize such freedom that other types of freedoms will not be limited. These procedures are practiced, without noticing whether travel is internal or external. And any individual can travel by vehicle within the state's boundaries or travel overseas with the proper documentation, whether the travel is limitless or limited, such as confiscating a driver's license, banning travel, making an arrest, or deporting a foreigner. In any event, the authority, and the administrative control authority, in particular, tries to defend freedom and elevate it to the level of the sacred liberties which are not wasted and infringed. All of this resulted in legal restrictions on the exercise of freedom of travel. Simply exercising the right to freedom of movement makes all other forms of freedom contingent. In any case, as we have stated, if this form of freedom is infringed, it will be much easier for the administrative judiciary to interfere with its ability to serve as a respectable haven for individual liberties and rights. The decision to confiscate the driver's license, impose a travel ban, or deport someone was made by the supervisor. All are only administrative choices that, whether in routine or unusual circumstances, should be under supervision. This can be accomplished in two ways: first, by overturning the unfair decision and paying the person for any benefits or purposes that were forfeited as a result. In light of this, we discuss potential administrative safeguards that involve structure and control. We also discuss the protection of the administrative judiciary with other freedoms, despite the federal judiciary being competent in it. To show this rule issued is coherent with the wording of the constitution. And as a result, it will decide whether it is in favor or against it being unconstitutional. The administrative judge's position was made explicit through the supervision of the decision-making process and its adherence to the legality principle. However, these actions cannot be carried out without the supervision of the administrative executive authority. The second article of Ministry of Interior Law No. (20) should be amended in 2016, and it also looks at the case that affects the freedom to travel quickly by appointing a rapid judgment and rapid case shorten most of the measures we call the Iraqi legislators to consider it as replacement case as organizing not consequential followed is found or not. We hope the Iraqi legislator adopted these recommendations. Our plan for this research has been divided into three chapters; in the first chapter, we provided a general explanation of the purpose of administrative protection by describing the nature, benefits, and position of the freedom to travel about other types of freedom. In chapter two, we made comments regarding the precise measures taken to systematize practices. the ability to travel within the bounds of the regulations and restrictions related to that driver's license, including the ability to suspend it, and adhere to the limitations related to receiving travel documents or being excluded from certain areas. In the third chapter, we discuss how the administrative judge applies it to different types of freedoms, what the executive power is, and how it stands up for the freedom to travel and the restrictions associated with it.

Abstract Achieving economic security has become one of the basic priorities for a person’s life, as well as providing reassurance for him. It is the basic matter for the occurrence of something necessary for everyone. Therefore, there is no need to provide security services to people, so that they do not feel destitute, poverty, and disease. There is no safe life for an individual with his children if he is not insured or suitable for work. It preserves his dignity and meets his basics. This is on the part of the individual, but on the part of the state, economic security has a close relationship with stability, harmony, and compatibility. The general concept of economic security has developed to include all aspects of life that concern modern man, starting from his sense of adequate living and economic stability to personal stability in his family and external environment. In light of the policy of market economics and liberalization at the global level, countries have sought to achieve economic security and ensure its sustainability by finding ways Oversight of the administration’s actions that affect the economic rights of individuals, or that violate the principle of legality. The administration, whether federal or local, has the duty to take the necessary measures to enhance economic security by harnessing the tools granted to it under the Constitution and the laws in normal and exceptional circumstances. After clarifying the conceptual framework of economic security, this study deals with the federal and local authorities and powers in normal or emergency circumstances that are taken by administrations in order to achieve economic security, and then shows the effects resulting from achieving economic security at the level of economic rights or economic activity, and addresses The study highlights the state’s contribution to achieving economic security through government funding. Finally, the study showed the most important guarantees necessary to achieve and sustain economic security, whether they are judicial or political guarantees.

مستخلص ( الحماية الجنائية لصفة المجني عليه _ دراسة مقارنة _ ) تناول موضوع الدراسة : الحماية الجنائية لصفة المجني عليه ، والذي يعد من الموضوعات التي تحتل أهمية كبيرة على مستوى الدراسات في مجال القانون الجنائي من خلال التعرف على الحماية الجنائية التي وفرها المشرع الجنائي لصفة المجنى عليه بوصفها سببا للتجريم والعقاب من جانب ، وسببا لتشديد المسؤولية الجزائية والعقوبة من جانب اخر. وبوصف المجني عليه أحد أهم الأطراف في الدعوى الجزائية من جهة أخرى . وسلطت الدراسة الضوء على الحماية الجنائية التي وفرها المشرع الجنائي للصفة الشخصية أو الذاتية للمجني عليه ، كما ان الدراسة ركزت في بيان مقدار الحماية الجنائية لصفة الأنوثة لمسوغات تتعلق بكونها مخلوقا يمتاز بالضعف البدني الأمر الذي يتطلب من القانون الجنائي توفير الحماية اللازمة له . وبينت الدراسة موقف التشريعات الجنائية من مسألة الحماية الجنائية لصفة الموظف والمكلف بخدمة عامة والغاية التي تقصدها تلك التشريعات من وراء تحقيق الحماية للوظيفة العامة على حد سواء ، سواء اكانت صفة الموظف والمكلف بخدمة عامة أحد العناصر الأساس التي تقوم عليها الجريمة ام ان هذه الصفة ظرفاً مشدداً للعقاب المنصوص عليه للجريمة المرتكبة . كما تهتم الدراسة ببحث الدور الإجرائي للشكوى بوصفها حقا لمن يملك صفة المجني عليه ، ففي بعض الجرائم يتصل الحق المعتدي عليه بعلاقات عائلية، فيكون المجني عليه أفضل من يقرر أهمية الاعتداء ومدى جدارته بأن تتخذ إجراءات جزائية في شأنه من عدمه وفي بعض الجرائم الأخرى تقوم صلات عائلية بين الجاني والمجني عليه فيخشى المشرع أن تكون أضرار هذه الإجراءات بهذه الصلات وبالمجتمع تبعا لذلك متفوقا على الفائدة التي يمكن أن يحققها، فيترك للمجني عليه بوصفه أقدر الأشخاص على معرفة مصالحه المقارنة بين الوجهتين ، وتقدير ما إذا كان من الأوفق أن تباشر إجراءات الدعوى الجزائية أو أن الأصلح بقاء الأمر بغير علانية فلا تكشف تلك الإجراءات عن الجريمة . وقد اعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج التحليلي المقارن لغرض بيان أوجه هذه الحماية التي وفرها التشريع العراقي لصفة المجني عليه ، سواء تلك الواردة في قانون العقوبات التي تمثل الجانب الموضوعي ، او التي وردت في قانون أصول المحاكمات الجزائية التي تمثل الجانب الاجرائي وتمت المقارنة مع تشريعات كل من فرنسا ومصر والامارات العربية المتحدة ، كم بينت الجانب التطبيقي لتلك النصوص الجنائية على وفق موقف القضاء الجزائي العراقي والمقارن . واعتمدت الدراسة على خطة من ثلاثة فصول سبقها مبحث تمهيدي للتعريف بالمجني عليه وبيان مركزه القانوني ، و الفصل الأول كان للحماية الجنائية لصفة المجني عليه الشخصية، و الفصل الثاني خصص للحماية الجنائية لصفة المجني عليه الوظيفية وصفته الاجتماعية ، أما الفصل الثالث فكان للحماية الإجرائية لصفة المجني عليه. وختمت هذه الدراسة بخاتمة تضمنت اهم ما توصل اليه البحث من نتائج وتوصيات ، وكان من بين تلك التوصيات المقدمة فيها اذ اقترحنا على المشرع التوسع في نطاق قيد المادة 3/ أ- من قانون أصول المحاكمات الجزائية العراقي من حيث الأشخاص بحيث يشمل – فضلا عن الأصول والفروع والأزواج- الأخـوة والأخـوات والأعمام والعمات والأخوال والخالات حرصا على الروابط العائليـة وسـترا للفضيحة وهذا على غرار بعض التشريعات المقارنة التي اخذت بهذا الامر . واقترحنا استبعاد جريمة الزنا ( زنا الزوج – زنا الزوجـة ) من نطاق الجرائم التي يتوقف تحريكها على شكوى المجني عليه اذ عالج المشرع احكامها في الفصل الرابع ( الجرائم التي تمس الاسرة ) من الباب الثامن ( الجرائم الاجتماعية ) من قانون العقوبات العراقي ، واقترحنا معالجة احكامها من ضمن الباب التاسع من القانون المذكور ( الجرائم المخلة بالأخلاق والآداب العامة ) كما فعلت بعض التشريعات المقارنة حيث إنها تتعلق بحق مـن حقوق المجتمع ولا يجوز الاحتجاج في هذا الصدد بأن التستر عليها فيه حفاظ على كيان الأسرة وستر لسمعتها لأن في ذلك اعتداء على حقوق المجتمع وانسجاما مع توجه الدستور العراقي الذي يمنع سن قانون يتعارض مع ثوابت الإسلام . واقترحنا على المشرع العراقي الغاء العذر القانوني للام التي تقتل طفلها حديث الولادة الذي حملت به سفاحا اتقاءا للعار لان الامر يستحق التشديد لا التخفيف لان الام ارتكبت جريمتين في الوقت ذاتهِ فعل السفاح الذي يشكل عملاً مخالفاً للآداب والأخلاق العامة او جريمة زنا بحسب الأحوال وفعل القتل ، وهو يدعونا الى انتقاد مسلك التشريعات الأخرى في هذا الصدد . كما دعونا المشرع العراقي الى أحاطة صفة طفولة المجني عليه في بعض الجرائم المخلة بالأخلاق والآداب العامة كجريمة الفعل الفاضح المخل بالحياء بحماية كافية من خلال النص صراحة على هذه الصفة في الأحكام المتعلقة بهذه الجريمة سواء بعد هذه الصفة ركناً أساسياً للجريمة أو ظرفاً مشدداً لعقوبتها فضلا عن مقترحات أخرى قدمت الى المشرع العراقي في اطار موضوع هذه الدراسة .

This study's topic revolves around illuminating the criminal protection of foreign investment at oil sites. It affects the creation of the proper investment environment to permit international investors to enter the nation, which helps the economy recover and opens up a variety of employment chances for various societal segments. This is accomplished by penalizing individuals who violate laws prohibiting foreign investment in oil sites, whether the punishment is determined under the relevant laws or the general principles of the criminal law. Whether it is objectively determined or imposed procedurally, foreign investment in gas and oil has the effect of criminalizing individuals who commit crimes with high-security risk. And as a result, all the necessary legislative steps are done to attach these measures, which facilitate foreign investment in the nation. Therefore, by not offering the aforementioned protection, investors may decide not to join the nation out of concern for their safety and the capital they wish to invest there. And typically, foreign investments in a country bring enormous sums of money and aid in raising the degree of economic development, particularly in countries that lack the resources to invest in natural resources or the skilled labor force to carry out such a project. The issue of criminal protection for foreign investment is crucial for exporting nations due to the importance of maintaining legal goals and procedural bases, providing legal security upon the establishment of such companies, protecting capitals and people from wider violence, and providing company security for a new market to obtain profit. Other important factors include looking for new materials at low prices, boosting experts the invested company acquired indulging in a new market, and using instruments through the application of agreements and contracts, whether by the countries themselves or by international organizations with economic ties to these countries, foreign investment may also help define the norms of international trade in varied situations and environments. Whether these regulations are constitutional, legislative, or similar systems and instructions connected with such a thing, the problem of the study is concentrated on the function of the legal rules in controlling the investment operators in Iraq and country-related matters. Has foreign investment at the relevant oil locations received criminal protection under Iraqi law or the laws of comparable nations? What are the legal requirements for committing an investment crime during the phases of investigation, evidence gathering, basic investigation, investigation evidence, and court phase, leading to court favoring foreign investment at oil sites? It is the analytical approach used by the criminal text concerned with the subject, generally, analyzing to a consult of it compact upon and the legal method with compartments statement and the Iraqi legislate and other companies' legislation and showcasing the various judicial applications and how it unified the and practical parts. There are three chapters in this research project. The first focuses on the significance of foreign investment in oil sites and includes two different types of studies. The concept of foreign investment in oil sites and its legal basis are the subject of the first study, while the types of foreign investment in oil sites and their legal status are the subjects of the second study. The second chapter, which is divided into two research studies, is about the objective protection against acting violence the foreign investment in oil sites. The first study is about the crime of sabotage and smuggling in the oil site, while the second study is about the numerous couple of crimes at the in the oil site. The third chapter discusses the procedural and criminal protection of foreign investments in oil sites. It is divided into two studies, the first of which focuses on the criminal protection against the crime at the foreign investments in oil sites, and the second of which focuses on the criminal posted for the crime that violated the foreign investments in oil sites. This study concluded that there is no agreed-upon definition of investment. It also discovered what is launched from the economic gate to define investment, and it may be headed from the legal gate since the legal ground in the foreign investment at oil sites vary between the constitutional text, the text about gas and oil, and the regulations governing foreign investment generally. The Iraqi laws governing oil and gas and investments have little bearing on efforts to reform foreign investment at oil sites or on other crimes involving investments. As a result, only the charges of the action imposed upon those who commit such kinds of crimes are varied according to the seriousness of the actions done by the perpetrator. Some nations have issued an order to establish criminal economic courts to consider economic crimes in particular with foreign investment. We suggest the legislator include gas and oil law when legalizing it in parliament to define the crimes that may the foreign investors be slapped with. The suggestion made in this study is to call for the legislator at the Iraqi constitution to rephrase the text of managing the natural weather, in particular that is related to gas and oil and make it off the centralized government quarries under the hand exclusively. And determined the charges to be brought forth lest the crimes go unpunished, the necessity of allowing specific employees of the oil ministry and the national investment association to conduct investigations and gather evidence regarding crimes against foreign investment in oil sites, and the necessity of establishing an economic and criminal court related to the crimes that specifically affected investments at the location where comparative foreign investment work, For them, having this issue gives them happiness as they enter the country and make investments there.

The issue of the achieved energies or forces is one of the important issues that occupy a wide space in the requirements of life, as it fills the daily human needs represented by lighting, cooling, heating, running the means of transportation and the continuity of industry. It also occupies an important place today in various areas of life in the world, and what makes it more important is the modern technological development, as it has become possible to possess and use many of them, and direct actual physical authorities over them, but they may not have a tangible physical body, such as electrical energy, telephone energy and sexual energy. And the waves of satellite broadcasts and others, hence the problem of the study, especially since the Iraqi criminal legislator gave it metaphorically the status of movable funds in the Penal Code, regarding the provisions of the crime of theft, and did not address their nature whether they were material things or mere benefit? Is it subject to other money crimes, including breach of trust and fraud? The study came from three chapters. In the first chapter, we discussed the definition of the achieved energies or forces, and explained their concept and distinguished them from each other, and explained how they were acquired and possessed. Its loss of the physical entity, and then subject to the provisions of the protection of funds, and we discussed in the framework of the third and final chapter, the procedural protection represented in the stage of investigation and evidence collection, and the stage of investigation, to detect crimes against them, as the study showed the possibility of detecting money crimes against energies or forces through Modern scientific evidence, and the use of this evidence in proving these crimes. In conclusion, the study reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which are: that the energies or forces achieved, including (electrical energy, sexual energy, telephone line, satellite broadcasting, nuclear energy, and other energies or forces) are reduced to the status of money transferred by the text of the law, and then subjected to Provisions of money crimes, and there is no special authority for investigation that has the powers of judicial officers charged with detecting these crimes, and thus, members of the judiciary with general jurisdiction are charged with detecting energy or power crimes, and that the procedures for obtaining scientific evidence to detect these crimes are subject to the established general rules In the Code of Criminal Procedure No. 23 of 1971, amended according to the principle of freedom of the criminal judge to form his faith, because there are no special texts in Iraqi criminal legislation regulating the legality of modern scientific evidence to detect crimes of energies or powers achieved, and the Iraqi criminal legislator did not provide for a specific penalty for the crime of theft. The attained energies or powers, and did not specify penalties for fraud and breach of trust crimes against the attained energies or powers. In this study, we suggested that the Iraqi criminal legislator provide more protection for the energies or forces achieved, by stipulating strict penalties for the crimes of money that fall on them, because leaving them without legislative controls that provide for their protection would not only threaten their loss, but also risk and harm to society. As a whole, with regard to the theft of electric current, a high fine is added to the perpetrator, as it has become a phenomenon in society and not an individual case.

Democracy with all its foundations is an inseparable condition for the membership of states in international organizations, according to this specificity, we find it distinguished from the traditional concept of democracy that is recognized in the jurisprudence of constitutional law and political systems. It has been defined in international organizations in the love of peace and security, the rule of law, respect for rights and freedoms, equality, justice, economic development and economic prosperity, and this is what is embodied in all forms of membership in international organizations. The condition of democracy has been distinguished within the framework of the World Trade Organization, in line with its goals and activities that are restricted by the Charter. Its connotation is of a purely economic nature, and its specificity extends to obligating the member states of the organization to implement legislative reforms in their internal laws related to the trade system in order to conform with the charter of the organization and its agreements. This reflects the international impact of the democratic condition that the organization applied to the membership of states in it on the local concept of democracy within the framework of the governments of states that understood the content of democracy coupled with the legitimacy of power, peaceful deliberation and election only. That is, it is a concept of a political nature, and international organizations have a prominent role in expanding the condition of democracy to extend to all intellectual and development fields. The importance of this organization is also clear as it is a control tool for regulating international trade among the countries of the world at large. where we see that countries seek to join it for the advantages and benefits that they will derive from membership in the organization, as we see that its conditions were divided into political, legal and economic conditions that coupled with them the democratic condition imposed by the organization on the countries as a condition for membership. We also focus in this study on the application of the democratic condition imposed by the World Trade Organization on our dear country, Iraq, which is still until now in the status of an observer member. And comparing its performance with the performance of other countries that preceded it and benefiting from their experiences to fulfill the condition of democracy and the conditions of the other organization, and how they were applied to the extent that gave them the opportunity to obtain full membership in the organization. We reached the need to speed up the implementation of other laws related to trade, to achieve complete independence and transparency of the Iraqi commercial judiciary, to protect foreign and local investors and to ensure the participation of women in commercial decision-making. And diversification of income sources, relying on alternative energy sources, which contributes to increasing the Iraqi economy and its foreign policy in order to create the basis for full accession to the World Trade Organization

المستخلص: إن دراسة الرقابة على حرية التعبير عن الرأي للموظف في مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي تعتمد على بيان دور هذه الرقابة في إرساء القواعد القانونية بوجه عام ثم طبيعة القواعد القانونية المكونة عن طريق القضاء ، لذلك كان لابد من إحاطة سريعة بأهم المبادئ العامة لهذه الرقابة وتأثيرها على اهم التطبيقات القضائية في الموضوع محل البحث. ولا يوجد جدل في الوقت الحاضر، في أن حق الموظف وما يقوم به بالتعبير وإبداء الرأي والنشر على مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي ، يعد من الحقوق التي تكفلها غالبية التشريعات، لما لها من أهمية في شفافية العمل الذي يقوم به الموظف العمومي في أثناء ممارسته للعمل الإداري الوظيفي في الحدود المبينة في تلك التشريعات، إذ أدى تطور مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي وزيادة عدد الاشخاص الذين يستخدمون هذه المواقع الالكترونية إلى زيادة وتفاقم المشكلات القانونية، وايضاً أدى إلى حدوث خلاف وتناقض بين مشروعية الأعمال التي يقوم بها الموظفون على تلك المواقع وعدم مشروعيتها ما بين مؤيد لفكرة التطور الذي يمكن أن يحقق أهدافاً سامية تحسن من فاعلية المرفق العام والسلطة القائمة عليه باعتبار أن ذلك الأمر يعد من قبيل الرقابة الإدارية الذاتية على أعمال الإدارة واذا ما أحست أنها مراقبة من الداخل ستبقى بحالة من الحذر ومحاولة إنجاح المرفق . وبين معارض لها في خضم التحديات الناشئة عن سوء استخدام تلك المواقع من قبل الموظفين وذلك لتأثيرها على سلامة خصوصية الأفراد من جهة ويهدد سلامة وأمن الوظيفة من جهة أخرى، لذلك لجأت أغلب التشريعات في الوقت الحاضر إلى مواكبة التطورات التكنولوجية من خلال وضع التشريعات اللازمة لتنظيم هذا الأمر. ونظراً لأهمية الدور الذي يكون للرقابة على حرية التعبير عن الرأي للموظف في مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي فقد تناولنا بالدراسة تعريف اهم مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي وخصائصها وأنواعها والتكييف القانوني لهذه المواقع ، كما يستلزم ذلك منا بيان حدود حرية الموظف بالنشر على هذه المواقع والاساس القانوني لها ، وايضا دور الرقابة على الرقابة على حرية التعبير عن الرأي للموظف ودورها في الحفاظ على هيبة الوظيفة في الحفاظ على هيبة الوظيفة الادارية، بالاضافة الى المسؤوليات المترتبة على ممارسة حرية التعبير عن الرأي للموظف وتطبيقاتها القضائية