موقف الاتحاد السوفيتي من القضية الكردية في العراق 1965 - 1975
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2021-10-19
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Abstract
The Soviet Union is the second influential global power after the
United States of America in the Middle East region, which was
an arena for conflict between the two poles (the American and
the Soviet), especially after World War II, and until the collapse
of the Soviet Union in 1991, and the Soviet policy towards the
Kurds was not the only subject of regional concern. Rather, it
entered the framework of the global struggle for control of the
world between the eastern and western powers, and that the
Soviet exploitation of the Kurdish issue is an evidence that
minorities around the world are the focus of attention of the
strategy pursued by the Kremlin leaders.
The period between 1961 (the September 11 movement) and
1975 (the collapse of the Kurdish question) made it a timeframe
for this study, because this period is considered a stand-alone
phase, which witnessed the rise of the September 11, 1961
movement, which was an armed Kurdish movement different
from the previous Kurdish movements. National feeling after the
character of the previous Kurdish movements was only a tribal
one, as many Kurds in different social classes participated in this
movement, and the Kurdish issue emerged on a global level and
presented at the United Nations, and it became the focus of
attention of the major countries and the regional countries felt
that they pose a real threat to their existence.
This study consists of an introduction and three chapters, in
addition to this introduction that explains the importance of the
thesis material and a conclusion that contained a summary of
the most important conclusions reached.
The introduction entitled (The beginnings of history of the
Soviet position on the Kurdish issue in Iraq) was an introduction
to the topic, and dealt in a central way with the position of the
Soviet Union from Sheikh Mahmoud Barzanji’s declaration of the
kingdom of southern Kurdistan until the collapse of the Maha
Bad Republic in 1946, and Barzani and his comrades ’resort to
the Soviet Union.
The first chapter is entitled (The Soviet Union’s Position on the
Kurdish Issue in Iraq September 11, 1961 to July 17-30, 1968). It
was devoted to studying the Soviet position on the Kurdish issue
and in it we reviewed the September 11 movement in 1961 and
its implications on the Soviet position on the Kurdish issue, and
a coup February 8, 1963, the role of the Soviet Union in
supporting the Kurdish cause until 1966, and the Soviet Union’s
position on the policy of Abd al-Rahman Aref’s government
toward the Kurds until 1968.
While chapter two shed light on (political changes in Iraq and
their impact on the Soviet position on the Kurdish issue 17-30
July 1968-1973) on studying the Soviet position on the Kurdish
issue, considering the nature of the Soviet position on the
Kurdish issue in Iraq since 1968 through The coup of July 17-30,
1968 and its repercussions on the Soviet position on the Kurdish
issue in Iraq, the statement of March 11 1970 and the role of the
Soviet Union in it, the attempts to assassinate Barzani and the
position of the Soviet Union towards it, and the Iraqi-Soviet
Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation of April 9, 1972 and its
impact on the Soviet position on the Kurdish issue, Which
represented a great and dangerous turn in the Soviet position
towards the Kurds.
The third chapter focused on (the position of the Soviet Union
on the development of the Kurdish issue in Iraq from 1973 to
1975), in which we focused on the formation of the National
Progressive National Front in 1973 and the position of the Soviet
Union towards it, which had a great impact on the Soviet
position on the Kurdish issue. The refusal of the Kurds to join it
and the rejection of the Soviet mediation further worsened the
Soviet position towards the Kurds and the Soviet position on the
renewed conflict between the Iraqi government and the Kurds
in 1974, the Algiers Agreement of 1975 and its reflection on the
Soviet position on the Kurdish issue, which in its impact
collapsed the Kurdish movement in Iraq.
By tracking the Soviet position on the Kurdish issue in Iraq from
1961 to 1975, the study reached a number of conclusions, the
:most prominent of which are
The Soviet Union did not have a firm position on the Kurdish
issue, as they supported the establishment of the Republic of
Maha Bad in 1946 in Iran, but soon abandoned it to be
eliminated by Shah Reza Pahlavi, and they also supported the
Kurds after the July 14, 1958 revolution, through their influence
on Abd al-Karim Qasim, To return the Kurdish refugees in the
Soviet Union to Iraq, so that they would then support the
government of Abdul Karim Qasim, and they became the striking
hand of the Iraqi government, as Barzani played a major role in
eliminating the Shawaf movement in 1959, and after the
relationship between Abdul Karim Qasim and Barzani worsened,
.Barzani did not receive support
The Soviet that he was expecting. The Soviet Union supported
the Kurdish issue and brought it to the world public opinion by
presenting it to the United Nations in 1963, after the Mongolian
Republic incited to do so, and the threats of Iran, Turkey, and
Syria, to prevent them from interfering in the Kurdish issue in
Iraq, as well as the campaigns The media led by the Soviet
newspapers, all this gave a moral impulse to the Kurds to
.continue their demands politically and militarily
When the relationship of the Baghdad government with the
Soviet Union was good, the Soviet Union would play the role of
mediator between the government of Baghdad and the Kurds,
and all that put the Soviets in front of two options was either to
improve the relationship with Baghdad or support the Kurds,
they preferred the relationship with Baghdad over the Kurds,
and everything that brought the Soviets closer to the Iraqi
,government Everything I get away from the Kurds and vice versa
The Soviets never supported the Kurds of Iraq for the
establishment of an independent Kurdish state for them, and
this is due to several reasons, the most important of which is that
the establishment of an independent Kurdish state will not be
allowed by the neighboring countries of Iraq in which the Kurdish
component is present (Turkey, Iran, and Syria), and Iraqi
Kurdistan does not have a naval outlet. This makes it isolated
from the outside world that it will not be able to overcome, and
this is the biggest obstacle standing in front of the aspirations of
the Kurds to establish a Kurdish state, not to mention that all the
countries of the world