الجغرافية

River changes are a geomorphological phenomenon that characterizes rivers in the river plains, as the stream moves from one place to another new place as a result of several geomorphological processes, and this affects the settlement pattern and the nature of human activity. The changes in the stream of the Euphrates River from one place to another have affected changes in settlement sites in the regions of Ur, Eridu, Ksika and others, this study aims to identify the ancient river streams of the Euphrates River, determine their ages, identify the factors and processes that led to the changes in these streams, as well as identify the impact of these changes on the nature of human activity. Where in this study reliance was placed on the analysis of satellite visuals to track and identify the ancient streams of the Euphrates River by relying on the (landsatoli) satellite visuals as well as on the (Quick Bird) satellite visuals, in addition to the field study in which cross-sections were made along the ancient Euphrates, and samples of soil and fossils were taken for the purpose of laboratory analysis in a laboratory (---) in the United States of America, in this study, the chronological age of the ancient Euphrates River, which was passing through the city of Ur, was determined, and it turns out that it dates back to 400 BC, as well as determining the chronological age of the Euphrates River, which used to pass through the city of Eridu, based on determining the stream of the Euphrates River at the city of Ur, the sedimentary and tectonic processes had a great impact on changing the river streams of the Euphrates River, which produced many ground forms that in turn directed human activity in the study area, where the sites of the concave banks were convenient places for human colonies, such as the city of Eredo located on the left bank of the Euphrates, the river also affected the nature of economic activity, especially in the field of fishing and the growth of the marsh environment, as the river formed a group of marshes, which were formed by the Euphrates delta. The natural channels also contributed to the formation of meanderings through which the Euphrates River passes, in the formation of the first irrigation channels, which was known to mankind in Mesopotamia and later developed into artificial channels through human intervention.

Sawa Lake is one of the rare lakes that is located in a dry environment, and its waters have been subjected to a significant decline in their levels as a result of natural and human factors. This study aims to monitor the changes that the lake has undergone, to identify the volume of its water and its sources of nutrition, and to know the factors that led to its drying out. Hydrological changes were monitored through ground surveys using the GR3 device, through which the topographic map of the lake was built, as well as using the satellite visuals of the American satellite Landsat and the European satellite Sentinel 2 based on the NDWI standard, and it was found through the study The lake began to decline in its levels in the year 2014, and began to decline and fluctuate in its levels until it reached a state of complete drought and the lake’s eye stopped pumping on 4-8- 2021. The decline in human operations represented by digging wells and increasing water consumption for winter agricultural activity, within The formation of Dammam, which is the underground reservoir that feeds the lake, as well as the natural factors represented by the modern tectonic activation of the Euphrates crack, which resulted in the earthquakes that led to the collapse of the rocks surrounding the lake, as well as the climatic changes represented by the lack of rain falling on the feeding basins and the accompanying rise in temperatures High amounts of evaporation

تعد المياه الجوفية في هضبة العراق الجنوبية من الموارد المهمة المستثمرة في النشاط الزراعي ، وان ذلك يتطلب دراسة هذا المورد والكشف عن خزانات المياه الجوفية من خلال احدث الطرق العلمية ، وجاءت الدراسة للتعرف على اهم الدلائل العلمية المستخدمة في الكشف المياه الجوفية ،ومعرفة العوامل المؤثرة في تواجد تلك المياه ، وايجاد التقنيات المناسبة لتنفيذ ذلك ، كاستخدام المؤشرات الطيفية والدلائل الجيومورفولوجية والهيدرولوجية ضمن منطقة الدراسة وحساب حجم الجريان السطحي وتحديد الملائمة المكانية لتواجد المياه الجوفية . دُرست الدلائل والمؤشرات التي تساعد في الكشف عن المياه الجوفية بتطبيق تقنيات الاستشعار عن بعد على معطيات الاقمار الصناعية التابعة لـ (القمر الياباني aster، القمر الامريكي Landsat 8 ، والقمر الاوربي sentinel ) لاستخراج تصنيف الغطاء الارضي والمؤشرات (النبات ، المياه ، رطوبة التربة ، جفاف التربة ، رطوبة السبخات )من جهة ، واعتماد مرئيات الارتفاعات الرقمية (DEM , SRTM) لعمل التحليل الطوبوغرافي وتحديد الوديان والخبرات والفيضات ذات الاهمية الكبيرة لتجمع المياه السطحية والتي يغور جزء منها لباطن الارض ، وتم ايضا استخدام الاداة (Hydrology) لاشتقاق الاحواض وعمل تحليل هيدرولوجي كامل للوديان الموجودة في المنطقة من جهة اخرى . تم في هذه الدراسة حساب حجم الجريان السطحي بالاعتماد على معادلة (scs-cn) من خلال حساب معادلات حجم الجريان السطحي التي تعتمد على خريطة تصنيف الغطاء الارضي ، وخريطة الترب الهيدرولوجية المأخوذة عن نسجة التربة في المنطقة . كما تم تحديد الملائمة المكانية لأكثر المناطق تغذيةً للمياه الجوفية من خلال اعتماد برنامج (ArcGIS) ونافذة (Overlay) لعمل تركيب لخرائط المنطقة المتمثلة بـ(التراكيب الجيولوجية ، تصنيف الغطاء الارضي الموجه حسب النسجة ، الترب الهيدرولوجية ، معدل الانحدار و شبكة المياه السطحية ) . ومن ابرز النتائج التي جاءت في الدراسة هي امكانية اعتماد تقنيات الاستشعار عن بعد كدليل اولي في تواجد ودراسة وتحليل ومراقبة المياه الجوفية ولمناطق واسعة . تبين من الدراسة ان استخدام مرئية الارتفاعات الرقمية (SRTM) افضل لإنتاج خرائط التحليل الطوبوغرافي في حين ان مرئية (DEM) اعطت خرائط ادق في التحليل الهيدرولوجي . ومن المثير للاهتمام ان المرئية (LANDSAT 8)هي الافضل لإنتاج خرائط مؤشرات النبات والمياه ، في حين ان مرئية القمر الصناعي(sentinel-2) اعطت خرائط مؤشرات رطوبة التربة ، التربة الجافة و السبخات بصورة ادق. The groundwater in the southern Iraqi plateau is one of the important resources invested in agricultural activity, thus it requires studying and discovering of such water reservoirs through the latest scientific methods. This study aim to identify the most important scientific evidences utilized in the groundwater detection, to understand the factors affecting the existence of that water and to find out appropriate techniques implemented in the search of it, such as the use of spectral indices, geomorphological and hydrological evidences within the study area, calculating the volume of surface runoff and determining the spatial suitability for the presence of groundwater. The evidences that help in groundwater detection had been studied by applying remote sensing techniques to the satellites data of (the Japanese satellite aster, the American satellite Landsat 8, and the European satellite sentiel) to extract the land cover classification and indices (plant, water, soil moisture, soil dryness).The digital elevation image (DEM, SRTM) had been adopted to extract the topographical analysis and detection of valleys and floods which have a great importance in gathering the surface water which, in turn, is submerged into the ground, the tool (Hydrology) had been also used to derive basins and to make a complete hydrological analysis of the valleys in the study area. In this study, the volume of surface runoff was calculated based on the (scs-cn) equation by calculating the surface runoff volume equations that depend on the land cover classification map and the hydrological soil map taken from the soil texture in the area. The spatial suitability of the areas that are most likely feeds the groundwater was determined through the adoption of the (ArcGIS) program to make an overlay of the area’s maps represented by (geological structures, classification of land cover directed by texture, hydrological soils, rate of slope and surface water network). Among the most important results in this study is the possibility of adopting remote sensing techniques as a preliminary evidence for the presence, study, analysis and monitoring of groundwater in large areas. The study showed that the use of digital elevation image (SRTM) is better for producing maps of topographic analysis, while the image (DEM) gave more accurate maps in hydrological

The study dealt with the geomorphology of the sulaibat the depression in governorates of dhi qar and muthanna with an area of (78.81 km2) and its astronomical location east and )64 9 51.61 61 82(longitude( 64 82 33.77 62 68) two latitudes. The soil in the study area is one of the important natural resources that contribute to agricultural development .therefore this study came to know the physical and chemical properties of the natural soil and the factors affecting it within the plateau region west of low AL_SULPIAT .this study aims to analyze the natural and human factors make . population modeling of the factors affecting agricultural investment through collecting samples of soil and water samples and conducting a physical and chemical laboratory analysis documented with geographical coordinates and extracting the categories for this modeling through which the crown can adopt the maps of population suitability by approval on was program (arc gls 7..1.7) it was found through the study that the soil of the study area is of desert soils with a shallow range and the soil is integrated horizons within the soils of the flood fans especially the fan of wadi abu ghar and the fan of wadi lakseer as well as the soil of the valleys. Agricultural crops as well as suitable for agricultural activity are considered soils with a mixture of sandy texture with little organic matter and in some areas are high in lime and gypsum ratios as well as ground water is the main source of irrigation for crops and it is salty but the percentage of soil helps agricultural crops withstand salinity and rain contributes especially those with my covering runoff in washing the soil from salts and discharging them into the cruciferous depression .

This study came to show the housing transition on the Rusafa side from Baghdad, as the eight municipalities of the Rusafa side of the city of Baghdad were studied. The total population in the region of (4,025,895 people) for the year 2020, the percentage of moving families from the distributed sample was (60.4%) by (1208) out of (2000). The area is divided into the adjoining area, and it is characterized by good spaces and spaces and spaces for housing and serving by plane. And the investigator, who represents the middle area between the upscale region and the pruning, which is characterized by the way you would expect. From the immediate vicinity of the habitable, due to space constraints, the adjacent area. The motives for housing relocation varied from one place to another in the region with forced motives, especially after 2007, and optional movements represented by adaptation transitions, housing characteristics, neighborhood characteristics, as well as accessibility. As for the variables of residential relocation, they are the appropriateness of housing for families, the desire to change housing for families, and the children’s desire to leave the parents’ home. One room. The housing is not suitable for the old housing construction, the lack of services, and other things.

Dujaila (Waist) is one of the parts of the sedimentary plain within the limits of (5600 BC), about five thousand years ago, while Waist dates back to about a thousand years ago and its disappearance (1750 AD), a historical city built by Hajaj Ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi (78 AH) (The geographical depth of the extension of the territory of its capital) without Basra and Kufa, believing that the parents of the Umayyad in them and eliminate any rebellion against him and not to contact his soldiers to the Iraqis for fear of them. The latter to reduce their determination to fight, has continued This city, which history has estimated to affect the political, social, economic and intellectual life from its inception until the eleventh century AH, changed the Tigris River to the eastern side to take the ruins and Wasit and lose the importance enjoyed by them for ten centuries or more, to the emergence of the city of Kut North Wasit (50 km) to be a river port to be located on the Tigris at the branch of Gharaf and made the Ottomans a district followed by the brigade Badra and Jassan followed by the brigade Basra in 1917 (the era of the British occupation and in 1958) became a subsidiary to Baghdad, on 1/10/1969 decided The government then turned the Kut Brigade into a province The geographical location of the geographical area and its link to six governorates, located on the road connecting the ports of Basra and the Iraqi Trade Center, Baghdad, as well as the economic advantages Oil and gas quarries, quarries, sand and border crossings with the Iranian neighborhood, and has natural, human and economic potential, which raise the economic and social level of the people of the province for their well-being and progress, Is the sedimentary, which occupies one fifth of the area of Iraq (93000) km 2, distinguished in agricultural production, the prevailing sedimentary soils for irrigated and reclaimed agriculture from the area of the province (17235 km), which represents 3.95% of Iraq's total area of 434128 km 2, It has large tracts of land as well as the existence of irrigation networks, a corridor of the Tigris River (300 km), the Gharraf, Dujaila and Badr rivers, and their suitable climate, which has agricultural capacity throughout the year due to the availability of water and heat. Strategy (wheat and barley) The production of 2017 of wheat 3/1 million tons as well as livestock, as well as the existence of some important industries and the Kut, and by virtue of its geographical location adjacent to Iran and the problems of borders and water leads to strained political relations, which led to ignite the war between the two countries 1980-1988 Its share of the destruction and devastation and the fall of large numbers of its children by the fire of that war and the displacement of its population, especially the border areas adjacent to the Iranian side, and the opinion of the researcher to the need to strengthen relations of neighborly between the two sides and work together to resolve differences peacefully and constructive dialogue aimed at preventing the recurrence of Like that war The third chapter deals with the natural importance, and the fourth chapter deals with the importance of humanity, and the third chapter deals with the importance of

أجريت هذه الد ا رسة في قضاء سوق الشيوخ الذي يقع في الجزء الجنوبي من محافظة ذي قار بمساحة تبلغ ) 1374 كم 2 ( وتشغل نسبة ) 10.65 %( من مساحة محافظة ذي قار البالغة ) 12.900 ) كم 2 , جغ ا رفيا يحده من الشمال ناحية سيد دخيل ومن الشمال الشرقي ناحية الاصلاح ومن الشمال الغربي ناحية أور. أما من ناحية الشرق ناحية الفهود . في حين تحده محافظة البصرة من الجانب الجنوب الشرقي . أما محافظة المثنى فتحده من الجنوب والجنوب الغربي . ويضم القضاء اربعة ن واحي هي ) الفضلية , العكيكة , الطار , كرمة بني سعيد ( . أما فلكيا فيقع بين خطي طول ) 00 10 46 ( و ( 00 50 46 ( شرقا ودائرتي عرض ) 00 10 30 ( و ) 00 20 30 ( شمالا . والهدف من هذه الد ا رسة هو التعرف على خصوبة تربة منطقة الد ا رسة وأثرها على الانتاج الز ا رعي من خلال د ا رسة التباين المكاني للتربة عن طريق د ا رسة وتحليل خصائص التربة وأثر العوامل الجغ ا رفية الطبيعية والبشرية على تلك الخصائص . ولغرض تحقيق هدف الد ا رسة تم أخذ ) 41 ( عينة من ) 21 ( موقع من مواقع مختلفة لترب الَكتاف والسهل الفيضي المنخفض والَهوار والهضبة , المزروعة وغير المزروعة وعلى عمق ) 0 30 سم( شرق وغرب نهر الف ا رت اوج ا رء التحليلات المختبرية لتحليل خصائص التربة الفيزيائية المتمثلة )نسجة التربة , الكثافة الظاهرية ,الكثافة الحقيقية , مسامية التربة , والَيصالية المائية المشبعة ( وكذلك الخصائص الكيميائية المتمثلة ) تفاعل التربة , الايصالية الكهربائية , كاربونات الكالسيوم , كبريتات الكالسيوم , الَيونات الموجبة والسالبة , والمادة العضوية ( وقد توصلت الد ا رسة إلى أن هناك تباينآ مكانيآ لخصائص تربة منطقة الد ا رسة بفعل تباين تأثير العوامل الطبيعية والبشرية الذي أدى الى تباين خصوبتها واتضح من نتائج التحليل المختبري أن التربة ذات نسجه غرينيه طينيه وهي تربة ملائمة للإنتاج الز ا رعي, أما كثافة التربة ومساميتها فقد كانت متباينة من تربة لَخرى وعلى أساس توزيعها الجغ ا رفي. إما نتائج تحليل الخصائص الكيميائية أتضح أن درجة تفاعل التربة ما بين متعادلة إلى متعادلة القلوية في حين كانت ملوحة التربة متوسطة لترب الاكتاف والسهل الفيضي المنخفض المزروعة وغير المزروعة مع وجود تباين في قيم الملوحة من موقع لآخر أما ترب الاهوار والهضبة المزروعة وغير المزروعة فهي قليلة الملوحة واشارت النتائج إلى أن قيم المادة العضوية متباينة إذ ترتفع بفارق طفيف في ترب الَكتاف والسهل الفيضي المنخفض والَهوار غير المزروعة عن ترب الَكتاف والسهل الفيضي المنخفض المزروعة وانخفاض قيمها لترب الاهوار المزروعة والهضبة غير المزروعة , وعلى أساس محتوى ترب منطقة الد ا رسة من المادة العضوية تم تقسيمها الى أربع فئات ترب ذا قيم أعلى من خصوبة التربة وترب متوسطة من المادة العضوية وهي متوسطة الخصوبة وترب منخفضة من المادة العضوية واطئة الخصوبة وترب فقيره المادة العضوية

Abstract This study aims to know the effect of green spaces on the climate of the study area, as well as to know the spatial variation of these spaces and their distribution. The researcher divided the study area into seven main sectors, consisting of (57) residential neighborhoods, and identified in each sector two sites for field monitoring of the climate elements represented With (temperature, humidity, wind speed, and building temperature) using monitoring devices, a team was formed for field monitoring, and (14) field sites were identified for monitoring, namely (7) sites inside the green space and (7) sites outside the green space, as it was measured by two observations, the first It was represented by monitoring the minimum temperature according to the four climatic seasons that begin before sunrise, and the second observation was recorded in the afternoon regarding the maximum temperature, relying on field monitoring with devices to measure the elements of the local climate, and the elements of the local climate for the period (2023-2024), and the most important findings of the researcher. There is a discrepancy in the types of green spaces, as the area of the study area reached (49.54 km2), a percentage of (0.38%) of the area of Dhi Qar Governorate, which is (12,900 km2), and the total built green spaces amounted to (1,638,353 m2), a percentage of (3.30 % of the area of the study area, while the total area allocated for unconstructed gardens (1,557,738 m2) amounted to (3.14%) of the area of the study area, while the per capita share of the built green space amounted to (2.39/person m2). The researcher concluded Through the data and its representation on maps, the highest percentage of green area was represented in the Eastern Levantine sector with an area of (436,729 m2), while the least built-up green area was recorded in the central sector with an area of (58,702 m2), and the highest percentage of unbuilt gardens was in the central Al-Jazeera sector. (500,636 m2), while the population of the study area reached (685,454) people, and the per capita share in the sector reached (6.82/person m2), while the Ministry of Planning set the local standard for the per capita share (6.5/person m2), and thus the sector has achieved the standard. It outperformed it by a small percentage, and the lowest per capita rate was in the eastern Al-Jazeera sector (0.55/person m2). The study found differences between the elements of the local climate in the sectors of the study area, as the lowest temperature was recorded inside the green area in the eastern Shamiya sector, inside and outside the area. The green one was recorded with a difference of (0.3°C), while in the observation that represents the maximum temperature, it was recorded with a difference between them (2.1°C), while the highest temperature in the sector was recorded for the first observation of the minimum temperature inside and outside the area in the central sector, with a difference of (0.2°C). As for monitoring the maximum temperature, it was recorded inside and outside the green area with a difference of (0.6 m°), and by applying Ivanov’s drought equations to the climate of the study area, it became clear through applying the equation that the climate water budget is negative for all months of the year, and this indicates that the study area is located within The dry desert climate region loses more water through evaporation than it gains through precipitation.

The study aims to analyze the impact of human and natural factors on chronic diseases in Thi-Qar Governorate, as well as to study the demographic characteristics of the population and their association with chronic diseases. It also aims to clarify the spatial variation in the incidence of chronic diseases in Thi-Qar Governorate, study the factors influencing this variation, and study the factors affecting the spread of chronic diseases in Thi-Qar Governorate. The main problem of the study was the extent of geographical variation in the incidence of chronic diseases in Thi-Qar Governorate. The study population included patients with chronic diseases for the period (2010-2022), numbering (167038), distributed among patients with high blood pressure, numbering (116028), asthma patients, numbering (36782), and epilepsy patients, numbering (14228), according to data from the Thi-Qar Health Department for the period (2010-2022). The analytical method was primarily employed in the study, by collecting data in the questionnaire form and analyzing it from all aspects; To reveal the interrelationships between different phenomena, as well as adopting the descriptive approach with the help of the quantitative method that depends on the analysis of data and geographical information related to the phenomenon studied, statistical methods such as the (SPSS) program were used to extract the results of the study, as it reached a number of results, the most prominent of which is the presence of a clear spatial variation in chronic diseases, between administrative units, as Al- Shatrah District recorded the highest percentage of those afflicted with high blood pressure, reaching (50.11%), and the same district also recorded the highest percentage of those afflicted with asthma, reaching (43.76%), while Al-Jabaish District recorded the highest percentage of those afflicted with epilepsy, recording a rate of (28.86%). Among the results also is the presence of a strong correlation between chronic diseases and the environment in which the afflicted live, as the calculated Chi-Square value reached (11.906) with a degree of freedom (2) and a significance level of (0.03). The results of the study showed that the prevalence rate of high blood pressure in Al-Shatrah District is the highest, recording (85.04) per 10,000 Person, while the prevalence rate of asthma in Al-Chabaish district was recorded at (42.77) per 10,000 people, and epilepsy in the same district was recorded at the highest rate at (17.29) per 10,000 people.

Abstract This study aims to clarify the importance of cartographic analysis of the industrial structure in Thi-Qar Governorate through the use of geographic information systems. by analyzing the descriptive and quantitative database of the reality of industrial distribution. resulting from field visits and a questionnaire form for the locations of industrial facilities and determining their locations through the Global Positioning Program (Global Positioning Program). GPS) and represented by various cartographic maps that included maps of natural. human and economic components. with knowledge of the impact of these components on the pattern of geographical distribution in the study area. which in turn reflects the image of spatial variation between the districts of Thi-Qar Governorate. and from here the researcher begins his cartographic role in drawing and analyzing statistical maps using (ARC GIS10.7.1) program. The study included the (15) districts of Thi-Qar Governorate for the year 2023. For limiting the study. reliance was placed on medium-sized industries in the study area. The industries were divided into seven industrial sectors that included all industrial establishments in Thi-Qar Governorate. based on indicators of the number of industrial establishments and the workforce in them. and through analysis of statistical metrics maps and some quantitative methods. we find There is a clear spatial disparity in the industrial concentration in the districts of Thi-Qar Governorate (Al-Islah. Sayed Dakhil. and Al-Gharraf). on the one hand. and the industrial diversity is limited to the Nasiriyah district. in addition to the limited and weak industrial distribution in other districts. so the administrative units (districts) that lack industrialization must be taken into account. Its goalis to achieve a fair industrial balance for distribution at the level of the districts of Thi-Qar Governorate. and to work to establish appropriate industries with the natural and human components they contain. through encouragement and provision of financial and investment support in the form of licenses and soft industrial loans. which would contribute to supporting the aspect Economic in general and industrial in particular

Abstract Animal husbandry in Dhi Qar Province is an important, effective and complementary sector to food and a major contributor to the economies of many developing countries, including its importance in the basic population segment of meat and milk and a primary source of raw materials of wool and leather for many other consumer industries . The study focuses on analyzing the geographical factor in reducing and its relationship to animal husbandry and its variation, dividing it into function among all people, and identifying the most important animal breeds for each type of livestock in the study area, in addition to developing solutions and treatments for the forms that domestic animals face and which contribute to their development in animal production. In Dhi Qar Governorate. The study dealt with clarifying the geographical potential for raising livestock animals in Dhi Qar Governorate in light of discussing ways and methods of caring for animals in terms of food and housing represented by barns and providing food through free grazing or purchasing fodder and revealing the duration of the pastoral load capacity of fertile lands, as well as knowing the extent to which veterinary services are kept up with the provision. Livestock animals, how to market their products, and other important matters in the subject of the study. The study showed the geographical distribution of livestock animals in Dhi Qar Governorate in terms of numbers, main and secondary species, and their life requirements. The number of livestock animals in Dhi Qar Governorate reached (1,251,621) heads in 2023, with sheep coming in first place with (748,761) heads, forming a ratio of (59, 8% of the total number of livestock animals in the study area, followed by cows in second place with (290,604) heads, equivalent to (23.2%), while goats and buffalo came in third and fourth place with (87,104) and (83,128) heads for each. Of them respectively, i.e. percentages amounting to (7.0, 6.6%) respectively. Camels came in last place with (42,024) heads, i.e. (3.4%) of the total livestock in the study area. The number of breeders reached (20,596) breeders, distributed According to the agricultural divisions, the Souq Al-Shuyoukh Agriculture Division topped the rank with (3880) breeders, constituting a percentage of (18.8%) Of the total breeders in the governorate, B while Al-Bathaa and Al-Rifai agricultural divisions came in second and third place with (1856) (1668) breeders and percentages of (9.0, 8.1%) for each of them respectively, and so on respectively for the rest of the agricultural divisions, reaching their lowest percentage. At Al-Manar Agriculture Division, there were (193) breeders, representing (0.9%) of the total breeders in the entire governorate . The most important findings of the study are that there are two important aspects in studying the subject, one of which is positive, related to the abundance of important potentials in the study area that help in developing the livestock sector in it, especially the flatness of the governorate’s surface and the abundance of diverse lands and water resources, in addition to the presence of human activities that interest Livestock breeding magazines for veterinary and extension centers, cooperative and agricultural societies, and other basic capabilities. As for the negative side, it includes the problems that hinder the capabilities of animal husbandry, such as the lack of natural pastures and the lack of investment in agricultural land for growing fodder and other fodder crops. The study has developed some solutions and treatments that will improve In the fodder reality in the study area , It also dealt with life-related diseases and their health effects, finally concluding in developing solutions and treatments that would contribute to the development and development of livestock breeding projects in a way that ensures a sustainable agricultural breeding process in Dhi Qar Governorate.

The purpose of this study is to identify the deteriorating reality in the infrastructure services of Al Khader city, and highlight it as it forms the basis for urban growth in the city. This is done by analyzing the efficiency of the infrastructure services of the city of vegetables, and given the increasing demand for it in the areas of development (potable water, sewage facilities and networks, rain, electric power, streets, and communications) and its repercussions on community services (health, Education, housing, and work), as the study reached a set of results, most notably: the low level of services, as well as the percentages of deficit in each of those services, as it became clear that the drinking water service is not suitable for human use, as the processing rate reached ( 74.2%), while the percentage of the deficit was (25.8%), and that most of the water stations are for purification and not desalination plants, and the percentage of processing varies in water stations in the city of Al-Khader. As for sewage and rainwater services, the study showed that the city does not have a sewage service, and that the rain drainage network amounted to (10.21%), which was bypassed by the Al-Khader Municipality Department, as it serves (8) neighborhoods that are originally bypassed On the network, and there are no heavy water treatment plants, as the (gray) sewage water goes to the river without treatment, which increases the percentage of pollutants in the liquefied water. As for electricity services, the rate of supplying the city with electricity (41%), while it reached The percentage of the deficit (59%), in addition to the small number of transformers, and the high rates of breakdowns in them as a result of the pressure on those feeders and transformers that do not match the number of the population, especially in the summer, while the street service in the city of Al-Khader was few compared to the population and the number of traffic vehicles. The percentage of paved streets was (44%), while the per capita share of the total streets was (7 meters), while the standard refers to (25 meters), and the per capita share of paved streets was (3 meters), while the standard refers to (12 meters). And the percentage of unpaved streets was (56%), while the communication service was poor, and the percentage of Participants (5%) of the total population, which is a very small percentage if compared to the importance of this service, and the study relied on the quantitative character that shows the percentages in the indicators of the spatial distribution of services, which is based on Iraqi and international standards in the analysis and evaluation of infrastructure services in the city using The (SPSS) program in the analysis of standards, as well as the use of geographic information systems technology (GIS) in preparing the study maps and representing them cartographically, and the field study is of great importance to examine the reality of the state of the services provided to the population, as all observations were taken Reinforced with photographs, the questionnaire reached up to (400) one for each housing unit, at a rate of up to (5%), as well as personal interviews for managers and employees of the relevant departments, and the study concluded with conclusions and recommendations.

الغاية من هذه الدراسة الكشف عن التباين المكاني والزماني لمستويات التلوث الضوضائي وتحليلها وتشخيص اسبابها ومعرفة الاثار البيئة والصحية التي تتركها على السكان ومحاولة ايجاد الحلول التي من شأنها التخفيف والحد من اضرارها على البيئة وصحة الانسان في مدينة الشطرة من خلال مقارنتها بالمعاير المعتمدة من منظمة الصحة العالمية اعتمدت الدراسة على الرصد المكاني للتلوث الضوضائي باستخدام جهاز قياس الصوت (sound level meter lutron). تم توزيع استمارة استبيان معد لهذا الغرض من اجل الوقف على اسباب التلوث ومعرفة اضراره الصحية على السكان ومقارنته مع القياسات والراصدات التي تم اخذها من منطقة الدراسات , وفقا لذلك قسمت الدراسات الى اربعة فصول اعتمدت الدراسة اسلوب التحليل العلمي وتلخيص المعلومات واستنباط النتائج , كما تم رسم الخرائط باستخدام نظم المعلومات الجغرافية (GIS) و ايضا استخدام جهاز تحديد المواقع ( GPS ) لتوضيح احداثيات موقع الرصد . لتتوصل الدراسة بذلك الى جملة من التوصيات والنتائج من اجل النهوض بالمواقع البيئية لمدينة الشطرة وتخفيف حدة التلوث البيئي وتقليل من اثاره السلبية على صحة السكان مدينة الشطرة ومن هذه النتائج : 1- اظهرت نتائج الدراسة تباينا مكانيا وزمانيا للتلوث الضوضائي في مدينة الشطرة فهو يختلف بين الاحياء السكنية والمحلات التجارية والورشة الصناعية وطرق النقل وبين الليل و النهار والصيف والشتاء . 2-سجل اعلى مستوى للضوضاء داخل الاحياء السكنية بمعدل مكاني وزماني بلغ (78.05 ديسيبل ) في حي الشعلة الاولى , اذا بلغ مستوى الضوضاء في الصيف (77.8 ديسيبل ) , اما في الشتاء بلغ (78.3 ديسيبل ) بسبب اكتظاظ الحي بالسكان وكثرة وصغر الوحدات السكنية اضافة لوجود بعض المؤسسات الحكومية . 3- سجل اعلى مستوى لضوضاء وسائط النقل في شارع بني زيد بمعدل (81.2 ديسيبل ) بسبب كون هذا الشارع يشهد حرك مرورية عالية كما انه يمر بأحياء شعبية وتقع على جوانبه بعض المحلات التجارية 4- سجل جسر السوق اعلى معدل للضوضاء يفوق بقية الجسور في مدينة الشطرة بلغ (84.4 ديسيبل ) بسبب وجود بعض المحلات بالقرب منه اضافة لوجود بعض البسطات عليه واستخدامهم مكبرات الصوت. 5- اظهرت نتائج الرصد لمواقع الترفيهية ان الواجهة المائية لكورنيش الشطرة تعاني من ارتفاع نسبة الضوضاء بمعدل (80.5 ديسيبل ) بسبب وجود بعض المحلات على كورنيش . 6- تبين من خلال رصدة مستوى الضوضاء لبعض الورش الصناعية ,ان اعلى معدل بلغ (113.4 ديسيبل ) لحرفة الحدادة . 7- جاء اعلى معدل ضوضائي للمؤسسات الصحية في مركز حي المعلمين بمستوى (76.7 ديسيبل ) بسبب غلق اغلب الطرق وتحويل السير لطريق القريب من المركز , وكثرت المراجعين بسبب جائحة كورنة. وفي النهاية الرسالة توجت الدراسة بجملة من التوصيات

Traffic accidents are one of to the most serious problems confronting different societies in the world, They hold humanitarian, economic, social, behaveioral and psychological dimensions, that need attention at all levels of society and all institutions, The problem of Trtaffic accidents is a complex issue facing communities, As this problem wich is shared by more than one component is increasing day after day, there is no doubt that it is necessary to clarify the spatial analysis of traffic accidents in the province of Muthanna and the relationship between the geographical factors of the province and its impact on traffic accident to uncover the reasons behind it, To indicate the extent in space and time and to measure its serious it is important to identify it as a problem in which AL-Muthanna province suffers like the other governorates of Iraq; because millions of road users in the governorate take daily trips and the study showed that there is a significant increase in the numder of vehicles in excess of the capacity of the roads and the density of the roads according to the criteria (area, population and number of vahicles) vary, the length of the road, their types and importance, the amount of servicas they serve from areas as they pass, the amount of population density and the economic level of the population, which is their ability to own vehicles, and the driver with its characteristics is one of the main factors causing the accidents, as it accounted for (89%) of the total numder which is caused by other geographical factors, and the young people group is one of the most categories of drivers for traffic violations and they are more likely to fall in traffic accidents, due to lack of attention, lack of discipline, impulsiveness and recklessness, the traffic accidents have increased during the cold months in which official work begins and the students and staff access to the aducational and administrative institutions and increase during the day, especially during the paek hours of the day, It was also found that there is a difference in the incidence of traffic accidents and indicators in the province according to administrative units, as the center of the province of Samawah the largest proportion of incidents, which reached (34%), while the area recorded the lowest incidence of accidents amounted to (0.1%) of the total for the population and the number of vehicles and the amount of the share of each administrative unit of the roads, either the effects of traffic accidents and the injuries (injuries and deaths), it is one of the most worst results, as the number in the governorate (6609) injuries, of which the number of injuried (5199) injured and the number of deaths (1410) deaths.

The modern trend in geographical studies focuses on the application aspect that is dictated by the planning developmental necessities on geography as it is more capable and comprehensible to understand the reality of the phenomenon through identifying it and detecting the obstacles it encounters. This study, therefore, came to draw a planning policy based on the reality of the components the governorate enjoys in order to make a good investment of these components according to a strategic and scientific planning philosophy to create spatial development in the study area in which the economic, service and social development indicators witnessed a clear decline, aiming to present an integrated development study that includes the components of the quantity and quality of resources that the governorate possesses, and determining the means of investing them through creating a comprehensive spatial development and addressing the obstacles encountered by following strategic plans in order to advance the developmental reality of the governorate. In this regard, the study relied on the regional and objective approach, as well as the analytical approach and the use of geographic information systems (GIS) to build a spatial information base for the natural, human, economic and service phenomena in the governorate. The scientific necessity imposed by the methodology of the study necessitated its division into six chapters preceded by an introduction. The first chapter dealt with theoretical and conceptual rooting for spatial development. The second chapter was devoted to studying the geographical components for the spatial development in the governorate of Muthanna and the third chapter was concerned with studying economic activity and the changes of its trends in the governorate of Muthanna. The fourth chapter examined the service situation in the governorate of Muthanna. The fifth chapter focused on studying the obstacles to spatial development in the governorate of Muthanna, while the sixth chapter was devoted to presenting spatial development strategies in the governorate of Muthanna. The study reached several results, the most important of which is the governorate of Muthanna possesses geographical potentials (natural and human) ready for investment and development in various economic fields, but it lacks efficient planning and management as the study showed B that agricultural development, which is the most prominent economic activity in the study area, faces a set of natural and human impediments that hinder efforts to expand its investment. The study clarified the low level of industrial activity despite the industrial development potential of the governorate available in economic quantities, and it also showed that the government negligence and absence of planning prevented the investment of the components of tourism development that the governorate enjoys. The study also revealed the decline of human development indicators represented by infrastructure and social services. The results were followed by a set of proposals and the study concluded with a list of sources and references

Tourism planning as a work program involving government agencies, the private sector and individuals in order to paint a future picture of the tourism activity in a particular country and in a certain period of time is one of the most important requirements that play a crucial role in the development of tourism activity. Tourism activity in all its elements and patterns, while at the same time helps to manage tourism resources and development and investment and provides the relevant bodies with the methods and trends that must be followed, which facilitates their work and saves a lot of money and efforts. The research was based on the latest (GIS Grip 10.4) software for mapping, as well as the "offline maps" program, in which the astronomical coordinates of selected tourist sites as well as accommodation centers, restaurants and tourism companies were identified and scrawled on the map. In this study, 15 tourist sites were chosen according to historical, cultural, environmental, tourism, religious and cultural criteria to study their current and future tourism status. They also highlighted the economic and social importance of the tourism sector and its effects. The development of this sector, The study dealt with practical and scientific use in determining the number of tourists to Dhi Qar Governorate for the period (2010-2017), as well as the use of mathematical equations to know the future expectations of tourists and tourism expenses, the tourist budget and duration (2018-2025), and the possibility of using tourism planning by the local government, Scientific and research, businessmen and investors in order to develop and invest in this important and vital activity. The message reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which was the enjoyment of the province of Dhi Qar, many of the tourism components that help to build a promising tourism sector. The message has identified a number of obstacles facing the tourism sector in the province, foremost among which is inadequate infrastructure of the tourism sector Has led to a weakness in basic

flat surface and the soil of the fertile river beds of agriculture and the climate suitable for planting most of the agricultural crops and raising the various animals and the abundance of water resources represented by rivers Euphrates and Gharaf and their branches as well as marshes. In the development of agriculture and industry in the rural judiciary and improve the economic level in general if invested in a developmental development scheme, and the study showed that the rural judiciary has great human potential, especially within the working groups and these vary in The study showed that the countryside of the judiciary has a lot of economic potential represented by agriculture branches (plant production, animal) despite the low areas and productivity of all agricultural crops as well as the small number of animals, and is located in the region The study shows some simple rural handicrafts that provide a simple income for their owners. The countryside of the judiciary also enjoys great tourist potential represented by archeological, religious and natural areas. The study showed that the development indicators and infrastructure services in rural areas The study also revealed that there are several villages that are candidates for development in order to be development centers and modern villages that contribute to the development of neighboring villages and provide services to them. The results were accompanied by a number of recommendations The study also concluded with a list of references, sources and list of annexes.

pay attention to rural development the study aims to develop and improve rural in a way that makes progress for the people living there. Work to invest various potentials in order to improve the reality development of the population and develop the rural lifestyle, eliminate the problem of unemployment and poverty by providing employ and job opportunities and attention to education and health through the establishment of hospitals and health centers and provide medical staff and provide them with latest equipment. It is also necessary to provide transportation, potable water and electric power to remote village and develop future plans to promote the development reality and planning for integrated rural development. The study was based on an analytical description method to measure the characteristics and trends of rural development. It is possible to identify some of the characteristics of the quantitative based and statistical techniques. The study took the statistical approach in analyzing the data and information obtained from field study as well as extracting population growth rate for the study area and (spss) program in drawing the population pyramid as well as using (GIS) in the preparation, mapping and building a spatial database in the study area and the identification of the village nominated for development and the modern village. The study including on an introduction and five chapters. The first chapters includes the theoretical evidence and the natural characteristics of rural districts of Suq-Alsheukh. Chapter two deals with the demographic characteristics of rural in terms of population size, population distribution and population structure. b The third chapter deals with the study of economic characteristics of rural district and its importance in planning for rural development . Chapter four is devoted to the study of rural development indicators as well as the study of rural village and their number. Chapter five deals with the study of village nominated for development and future prospects for rural development in rural areas. The study reached the diversity of agricultural crops in the study areas, especially plam trees and strategic crops, the rural population has good numbers of animal wealth .The study area needs a number of industries that will promote and develop them, especially industries that depend on animal products. The study area suffers from the lack of kindergartens and its need for more schools. With regard of health the region need to establish hospitals in the administrative units because they are not available, the study revealed that there are no infrastructure indicators in the study area and poor distribution. The researcher recommended the establishment of a number of development projects that will promote job opportunities ,reducing unemployment and improve the standard of living of the population ,Especially industries that need a large number of working hands .And to improve the educational level of the population and the establishment of a number of schools and distribution in accordance with the specific planning standard and to develop the reality of health services and provide them with the most advanced means .The study reached to build a number of modern villages there are various services necessary for residents of