النشاط العسكري للدولة العثمانية في عهد السلطان بايزيد الاول )9041-9831(
| dc.contributor.author | فاطمة عبد الجليل | |
| dc.contributor.editor | أ.د علي حسين نمر | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2025-01-14T09:00:15Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2025-01-14T09:00:15Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2021-11-14 | |
| dc.description.abstract | Anatolia witnessed a series of political changes and developments in fourteenth century AD, during that period, a political force emerged on the international arena, which had a significant impact on the political and economic reality in the region. It was represented by the establishment of the Ottoman State, which occupied an important space in academic studies, especially in the stages of its power that extended from the reign of Sultan Mohammed Al-Fatih, in the mid-fifteenth century AD until the end of the rule of Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent in the middle of the sixteenth century AD. The academic studies tried to pay attention to the stages of weakness of the Ottoman state, which began since the reign of Sultan Selim II. In general, academic studies were concerned with the factors of advancement and the causes of the collapse of the Ottoman state. These studies were characterized by the fact that they were little in the study of the early eras of the Ottoman state, which witnessed a series of important events at the internal and external levels, which greatly affected in the history of the Ottoman State, historians called that period the era of expansion and improvement, and the emergence of the concept of the state among the Ottomans, perhaps due to the lack of sources that dealt with that period of time, the repetition of information and lack of clarity in the sources, and the ambiguity or exaggeration of others, as well as the exposure of the Ottoman State after a battle Ankara to looting and pillage, therefore the Ottoman documents were damaged and burned by the Timurid forces, which contributed to the lack of information about that time period, and which led to the researcher’s fear of going into this midst. The period of the rule of Sultan Bayezid I is one of the most important periods in the history of the Ottoman State, because of the events and developments it witnessed, foremost of which was the country’s adoption of the strategy of external conquests towards Anatolia and the Balkans, and the development in the state’s administrative, economic, political, urban and military systems, so we decided to study this topic to give a clear picture of the state The Ottoman State during the reign of Sultan Bayezid I, to shed light on all levels. We set the year 1389 as the beginning of the study because it is the year in which Sultan Bayezid I came to power in the Ottoman State, while the thesis stopped at the knowledge of 1402 because it was the year that witnessed the outbreak of the Battle of Ankara between the Ottoman and Timurid states, the defeat of the Ottomans and the capture of Sultan Bayezid I in captivity and the end of his rule, which led to The collapse of the Ottoman State. The importance of choosing a research topic lies in the fact that the era (1389-1402) did not have a previous study, nor did an independent academic research study, and the Iraqi library lacked comprehensive research on this subject, so I chose this topic to present a scientific, historical and analytical study of the Ottoman state in the late fourteenth century AD, given the internal and external developments that period witnessed, due to its importance in Ottoman history and its impact on its policy in the later years of the Ottoman State. The thesis was divided into an introduction, a preface, four chapters and a conclusion. The division relied on the unity of the subject in presenting events. Each chapter deals with an integrated topic in itself. The preamble dealt with (The emergence of the Ottoman state, its expansion and its organizations until Sultan Bayezid I took power in 1389). The preamble included the emergence of the Ottoman State since its first reigns were during B the rule of Ertugrul , who expanded at the expense of the Byzantines, which expanded during the reign of his son Osman, founder of the Ottoman State. The military operations did not stop but achieved a great achievement during the reign of Orkhan, who expanded the influence of the state through his crossing into European lands, and Sultan Murad I sought to establish the pillars of the state and made it fearsome side, strong and a coherent political entity, then developed administrative systems that were characterized by accuracy and organization, which contributed to transforming it from Tribe to emirate and then to state. The first chapter reviewed (Sultan Bayezid I’s assumption of power and the accompanying events and organizations in internal affairs), the chapter included three sections: The first section dealt with (the social, political and military formation of Sultan Bayezid I) in which we dealt with the life of the Sultan, his personality and biography, by reviewing his birth, education, titles, administrative positions before he came to power , his military skills through his participation in military campaigns with his father that led to Improving his administrative and military skills, his marital life, and the number of his children. We also clarified some of the issues that were raised about the personality of Sultan Bayezid I, including the issue of drinking wine, hold him in an iron cage, and various accounts about his death. The second section focused on (the arrival of Sultan Bayezid I to power and the events that accompanied it), by studying the circumstances that paved the way for Sultan Bayezid I to reach the power after the killing of his father, Murad I, on the battlefield of Kosovo in 1389. We dealt with the issue of his execution of his brother Yaqoub Chalabi, by addressing the different historical accounts, and then comparing this event with similar events previously. The third section was devoted to following up the internal organizations of the Ottoman state during the reign of Sultan Bayezid I. It dealt with his interest in the internal affairs of the Ottoman state and the organization of its political, economic, military, judicial and urban affairs, which clearly reflected the change in the general situation in the Ottoman State. The second chapter entitled (The wars of Sultan Bayezid I with the Turkmen emirates in Anatolia 1389-1399) it dealing with the foreign policy of Sultan Bayezid I towards the Turkmen emirates, which differed in form and content from the policy of the previous sultans. The chapter included four sections, the first dealt with (The first and second Anatolian campaign 1389-1391), which included a study of military activity at the beginning of his reign, and the efforts that he made to lay the foundations of the central system by eliminating the rebellion of the ruler of the Karaman emirate in Anatolia with Turkmen emirates in western Anatolia. During these two campaigns, the Sultan annexed the Turkmen emirates to the Ottoman State once and for all, including (Saroukhan, Aydin, Manitcha, Hamid, Karmian and Takka), then signed a peace agreement with the Karaman prince Aladdin, and after that he seized the city of the Alashair, the last stronghold of the Byzantines. The second section dealt with (The third Anatolian campaign 1392-1393) led by Sultan Bayezid I against the Emirate of Jindar after its alliance with Judge Burhan Addin, ruler of Sivas and Prince Alaa Addin Al-Qarmani, as a result of the Sultan’s annexation of that emirate to his possessions, as well as the military operations he led in northern Anatolia, Sinop declared its submission to the Ottoman State. The third topic included (Sultan Bayezid I’s policy towards the Emirate of Qaraman and Judge Burhan Addin 1396-1398), which represented the fourth Anatolian campaign, after C Prince Alaa Addin took advantage of Sultan Bayezid I’s preoccupation in the Balkans, he attacked Ankara and captured its ruler, but the Sultan attacked the emirate, Alaa Addin tried to fix the matter, but failed, which led to his killing, then the Sultan headed to the north, specifically Janik, and that area was subjected to the influence of the Ottoman State, thus only Judge Burhan Addin remained the only competitor in Anatolia. The Sultan took advantage of his killing by the hand of Kara Osman Yolk, and the people of the city of Sivas asked for help from him, he seized the area. The fourth section is devoted to (Ottoman-Mamluk relations during the reign of Sultan Bayezid I 1389-1399) by examining the roots of those relations since the era of Sultan Murad I. Relations between the two countries have clearly improved due to the approach of Timur’s threat to the region, but the generality of those relations was characterized by the exchange of letters and gifts between them, after the death of Sultan Barquq and the arrival of his son Faraj to power, the relations between the two countries took another turn. Sultan Bayezid I tried to expand his influence, taking advantage of the conditions of the Mamluk state, so he occupied Malatya and Bustan, which negatively affected the Ottoman-Mamluk relations. The third chapter consisted of six topics, which came under the title (Battles of Sultan Bayezid I the Balkans 1389-1402). The first section (The Ottoman expansion in the Balkans during the reign of Sultan Bayezid I 1389-1394) sheds light on the military activity of Sultan Bayezid I in the Balkans after the Battle of Kosovo, he subdued the Serbs, Bulgarians and Wallachians, then extending his influence to Greece. He used the policy of concluding agreements with these countries, and he held a meeting in the city of Siris in 1394, which is evidence of the strength of the Ottoman State in that period. The second section, entitled (The Ottoman-Hungarian conflict 1389-1394) dealt with the nature of the Ottoman Hungarian conflict, especially after the victories of the Ottoman State in the Balkans, which made the Serbian kingdom worried and began to organize its military affairs, especially in the border areas that witnessed constant military skirmishes between the two sides. The third section dealt with (the battle of Rovine in 1395) that took place between the Ottoman State and the Emirate of Wallachia, after the Ottomans were defeated in the Battle of Karanovasa in 1394. The Sultan himself led a military campaign against Wallachns. At the beginning of the battle, the victory was in favor of the Emirate of Wallachia, but the withdrawal of the Boyaris' support helped Sultan Bayezid I to achieve victory over Merjah I. The fourth section focused on (Ottoman-Byzantine relations 1389-1394) which was characterized by the clear and explicit interference of the Ottoman State in the internal affairs of the Byzantine State. The fifth section studied (the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396 and its results) by knowing the reasons that led to the establishment of the European alliance, and the efforts of King Sigismund to establish it, as well as the measures he took in order to develop a plan to confront the Ottomans, which ending with a decisive victory of Ottoman State, as a result of the military measures taken by the Ottoman State, thanks to efforts of Bayezid I, that led to an increase in the influence of the Ottoman State in Europe. The last section of the third chapter (Ottoman military activity after the Battle of Nicopolis) clarifies the most important military campaigns sent by Sultan Bayezid I to many regions, the most important of which are Bulgaria and Greece. The Sultan also tried to exploit the defeat of the European alliance and imposed a siege on the city of Constantinople until 1402. D We intended to make the fourth chapter shed light on the features of the Timurid Ottoman confrontation (1400-1402). This chapter includes five sections, first section is entitled (The Timurid Advance Towards Eastern Anatolia) to get acquainted with the political events leading up for Timur to go to Anatolia, and to impose his influence on large areas, including Azerbaijan, Karaj and Iraq, so he had borders with the Ottoman State. In the second section (The Causes of the Ottoman-Timurid Conflict), dealt with the most important reasons that led to the outbreak of the conflict between Tamerlane and Sultan Bayezid I. The most important of them is Tamerlane's incitement of the princes and kings of Europe and the princes of the Turkmen emirates in Anatolia against the Ottoman State, and the asylum of Sultan Ahmed Al-Jalairi with Sultan Bayezid I. The third section (Correspondence between Timur and Sultan Bayezid I) focused on the most important contents of those letters, which showed the nature of relations between the two countries, and the nature of the personality of both Timur and Sultan Bayezid I, which was considered one of the most important causes of the conflict between the two countries. The fourth topic studied (Stages of the Ottoman- Timur conflict: Sivas - the first stage), and clarified the most important stages of the confrontation between the two sides, which began in the city of Sivas after it was besieged by the Timur forces in August 1400, which eliminated the Ottoman garrison and looted the city. Sultan Bayezid I attacked the fortress of Kamakh and Erzincan, which was under the protection of Timur. These events led to the major confrontation between the two parties in the Battle of Ankara in 1402 and the capture of Sultan Bayezid I. The fifth section dealt with the second stage of the confrontation, which led to the defeat of the Ottoman State, and showed the extent of Timur’s skill in evasion and military tactics. Sultan Bayezid I was captured in the battle, and the Ottoman State was divided and entered into a civil war that lasted nearly eleven years. The internal and external policy of the Ottoman state during the reign of Sultan Bayezid I had positive repercussions. It contributed to the establishment of a major state at the end of the fourteenth century AD, but at the same time it had negative effects through the mistakes committed by Sultan Bayezid I, which was the reason for the collapse of the Ottoman State in the Battle of Ankara. Although the reign of Sultan Bayezid I lasted for a short period, which ended in defeat in the end, his decisions and activities laid the ideological foundations of the Ottoman state, in return for losing his allies and remaining alone in the face of the threat of Timu | |
| dc.identifier.uri | https://dspace.utq.edu.iq/handle/123456789/496 | |
| dc.title | النشاط العسكري للدولة العثمانية في عهد السلطان بايزيد الاول )9041-9831( | |
| dc.type | text::thesis::doctoral thesis | |
| oairecerif.author.affiliation | كلية الاداب / دكتوراه تاريخ | |
| oairecerif.editor.affiliation | جامعة ذي قار / كلية الاداب / قسم التاريخ |