One of the most significant uses of computer vision is the self-driving vehicle. In recent years, a large amount of research has been submitted in this area, where the concept of self-driving cars has moved from the unlikely to the probable and imminent, in order to improve the technology and repeated need by global companies. Due to a large number of road death result around the world as a result of car collisions. There are many reasons for such a bad situation that leads to death or disability. This may involve a driver's complete loss of concentration, driver error, or a loss of stability.These dangerous situations will be avoided if all cars use a communications protocol, In addition drivers monitor the vehicles based on their location to prevent collisions. A simple warning in advance can help reduce the number and frequency of crashes. The aim of is thesis is limiting the impact of collisions in our everyday lives and to reduce automobile collisions. The second aim is making the self-driving car able to make decisions without the need for human interference. to achieve these aims, it has been implemented to be consists of two parts: software and hardware. A robot with a camera and a Raspberry Pi microcontroller system making up the hardware. The component of the software is the Yolo artificial intelligence algorithm in real-time, which detects objects on the way, and in this work, we chose the

Based on models of rate equations of passive Q- switching which were prepared in previous studies and containing three or four equations. In this study, a proposal was made to formulate a model of coupled rate equations with six first-order differential equations to simulate the passive Q-switching technique in laser systems whose effective mediums are characterized by a range of spectral lines. That constitute more than a system of energy levels for those spectral lines as is the case of rare- earth element neodymium which doped YAG crystal (Nd +3: YAG). This model was tested in the utilization of neodymium ions spectral lines 4F3/2, 4I11/2 , 4I9/2, which constitute a four-levels energy system and the semi three-levels energy system for a single active medium with the crystal Cr+4: YAG as a saturable absorber material, using Rung-Kutta-Fahlberg numerical method in a software computer program prepared in this study. The results obtained showed a good agreement with concerning to the behavior and construction of both pulse photons, the behavior of population inversion density of active medium ions, and the temporal variation of saturable absorber energy level population with theoretical bases of passive Q-switching method, and the single pulse behavior generated by the use of previous equations models. This enhances the reliability of the physical basis and mathematical formula of the equations model. The effect of important essential parameters on the construction, generation, and characteristics of dual pulses generated has been studied. The results showed that the increasing of ions density of SA leads to an increase in the energy of the dual passive q-switching laser pulses, while the duration decrease as a function of ions density of the SA, which provides a high-power laser pulses. The results showed that the gradual buildup of both pulses and the pulses reached to maximum photons density in later time when the value of lam increase, The results also showed an increase in pulse duration and decrease in each other's energy and power while increasing the effective medium length. An increase in the length of the SA leads to the construction and release of pulses in advanced (earlier) time, decreased in their duration, and increased energy and the power of both pulses. The results showed the construction and release the pulses in late times as the value of output coupler mirror reflectivity increased, and the results showed the increase of energy and the power values of both pulses . The instantaneous temporal behavior of the absorption activity shown by the saturable absorber material toward the photons of both passive Q-switching pulses as a function of the ion's number density was studied. The results showed that the steady state of absorption activity or loss in the photons of both pulses within the cavity, and the state of optical bleaching which represents the conversion of absorbent material to transparent status in relation to its absorption of photons are occur at an advanced time with the increasing of ions number density of saturable absorber material ions.

The major objective of this study is systematically to investigate various electronic properties of the 1-D nanomaterials (SWZCNTs, SWZBNNTs, SWZZnONTs, and SWCMoS2NTs), which are used as a carrier to altered anticancer drugs (5-FU, CH, CY, HY, and OX). All of our investigations are based on first principle Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. After calculating the electronic properties of these anticancer drugs, all these anticancer drugs have insulation behaviors, but CY has a semiconductor behavior. Furthermore, these anticancer drugs had a greater interaction with other structures because of their lower and higher value of the chemical potential. First of all, the ((6,0), (7,0), and (11,0)) SWZCNTS and SWZBNNTs utilized as a career to (CH, CY, and 5-FU) anticancer drugs. The complexes structures have electronic band gap less than the pristine of these tubes. By adsorbing the same anticancer drug on the SWZCNTS and SWZBNNTs, It was found that the anticancer drug/SWZBNNTs have interesting results compared with SWZCNTS. Moreover, the anticancer drug/SWZBNNTs is more stable compared with anticancer drug/SWZCNTS. The adsorption energy is increasing by increasing the diameter of the tube, which is utilized to deliver these anticancer drugs, except the 5- FU/(7,0)SWZBNNTs has an opposite behavior. Then, it was recognized that the (11,0) SWZBNNTs are the best substrate to deliver the CH anticancer drug, due to it has a higher value of the adsorption energy 𝐸𝑎𝑑𝑠 compared to others. In brief, we detected that the SWZBNNTs is the best substrate to deliver these anticancer drugs compared with SWZCNTs. Various diameters of the (𝑛,0) SWZZnONTs and (n,m) SWAZnONTs (where n=m ; from 8 to 12) are used to deliver HY anticancer, which is located in inner and outer of these tubes. For inner locations, the HY/(12,0) SWZZnONTs has a higher stability compared with others HY/SWZZnONTs tubes and still has asemiconductor behavior. That means this anticancer drug became more stable when sited it on the higher diameter of the tube. So, this result confirmed by using the SWAZnONTs. Moreover, it was detected that all complex structures in the inner sites are required a smaller excitation energy to transfer electrons because of the chemical hardness of the HY/(SWZZnONTs or SWAZnONTs) is increased. For outer sites, it was found that the opposite behavior, excepted the HY/(12,0) SWZZnONTs and HY/(10,10) SWAZnONTs have the reverse behavior. The HY anticancer drug has a weak interaction with ZSWZnONTs and SWAZnONTs because of there is the lower value of the electrophilic index, but the HY/(10,0) SWZZnONTs and HY/(11,11) SWAZnONTs have a higher value of the electrophilic index, which led to make a good interaction between them. Then, the (12,0) and (12,12) are the best substrate to carrier the HY. Another interesting work is examined by utilizing (3,2) and (4,2) SWCMoS2NTs to deliver OX anticancer drug with and without various impurities and sites in different distance between them. The complex structure (OX/(3,2)SWCMoS2NTs) has a semimetal behavior with a direct transition of electrons at Γ point. There are very interesting results by changing the S atom by P or Ga impurities. So, the (OX/p-doped (3,2) SWCMoS2NTs) structure has a n-type semiconductor behavior when the distance between OX anticancer drug and p-doped (3,2)SWCMoS2NTs is 1.76 Å compared with other distances. By utilizing Ga impurity, the best results are detected at 1.42 Å and the behavior is became p-type behavior and more stable compared to others. For (OX/(4,2)SWCMoS2NTs) has metal behavior. By using P impurity at different distance, the behavior is changed from metal to semi-metal with direct transition at Z point. The behavior of this complex structure is became n-type semiconductor at 1.76 Å.. The stability of all complex structures with Ga impurity is more stable compared with P impurity. In brief, the best substrate of the (3,2) and (4,2) SWCMoS2NTs can be utilized to career OX anticancer drug when we used Ga impurity compared with P impurity.

Summary The current study aimed to know and evaluate the role of TNF-α and the role of (Interleukin-17) in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), as well as verification of rs2275913 SNP of IL-17A gene in cardiovascular diseases. The study included 100 samples that were divided into 50 patients with cardiovascular diseases attending the heart center in Dhi Qar Governorate those lying in the Coronary Care Unit (CCU)Inside the center and those lying in its halls, and 50 healthy individuals who did not suffer from cardiovascular disease as a control group, blood samples. The patient's group and the healthy group used to use medical syringes disposable at a rate of 5 ml from each person, this was done during the period extending from 12/1/2022 to 4/1/2023, for both sexes and different ages. A questionnaire form was filled out to collect the necessary information from both groups of patients and healthy people, and the samples were stored in laboratory tubes appropriate for each examination. Where a complete blood count (CBC) and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), PCR test, and competency phagocytosis Activity. The results of the current study showed that the largest percentage of patients was in the oldest age group in the study (≥ 60) the percentage was (60%), while the lowest percentage was in the youngest age group in the study (30-39) where the percentage was (6%). The study results showed that women are more susceptible to infection than men, as the percentages were (52%, and 48%), respectively. The percentage of smokers among patients was higher when compared to the percentage of smokers in the healthy group, where the percentages compared were (40%, and 20%), respectively. With a significant difference(P≤0.05), The current study showed that the percentage of patients who live in the city is higher than the percentage of patients who live in the countryside (70%, and 30%), respectively, and that the percentage of patients who have a family history of the disease is lower than the percentage of patients who do not have a family history (24%, 76%). %) respectively. As for the percentage of patients who were overweight, their percentage was (38%), and those who had first-degree obesity were (20%), while those who had a normal weight were (42%). In contrast, the percentage of patients suffering from Hypertension was higher than the percentage. Patients who did not have high blood pressure (60%, 40%), respectively, and the percentage of patients with type 2 diabetes was lower than those who did not (36%, 64%), respectively. The percentage of phagocytosis activity in patients is lower when compared to healthy people, where the percentages were (36.44±41.00,38.56±29.70) respectively. The results of blood parameters showed that there were no significant differences between the total number of white blood cells and the total number of red blood cells, as well as the percentage of hemoglobin, and the values of the results were close to the comparison with the healthy group, and a decrease in the percentage of lymphocytes and an increase in the percentage of neutrophils compared to the healthy group. The results of the current study showed similar results for the level of TNF-α in the serum of patients and healthy people, as the results were (8.120±4.16, 8.118±3.62), respectively.

This study was carried out during October/2020 to May/2021 at the college of science, university of Thi-Qar. The main aim was to get magnetic water, evaluate its properties and then use it in the cultivation of barley and beans1 The sources of treated water are Gharraf River, Euphrates River Al-Massab-Al-Aam River, saline water wells. This study included a comparison of some physical and chemical properties of water before and after exposure to a magnetic field of 12000 gauss in a 2-inch pipe of 80 cm length. The decreasing in conductivity values, were more after each magnetization treatment for water that could be the reason in the decreasing of boiling point and viscosity values. A clear increase in both dissolved oxygen and chlorine values are also noted. These changes in physical properties of water are immediately noted after exposure to the magnetic field. While, the density values showed low decrease after water treatment. The magnetization treatment of water has improved the water properties to be more suitable for agriculture according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Therefore, it was noted the improvement of both growth and production of the two plants. Finally, Magnetization is very import factor to get better irrigation water, in addition to the other factors such as soil type, plant type, climate ….etc.

Medical plants are plant that contains in one or more of its parts many effective chemical compounds that are used for therapeutic purposes and are medical substances. In the current study, two types of Iraqi medicinal plants was used. Salicornia europaea and Opuntia ficus-indica to investigate the biological activity of their general extracts and some of the active chemical compounds . Also, studying the synergistic effect of the extracts of plants mixture together antioxidants and antifungals activities . The general extracts of two plants were prepared : hot aqueous, cold aqueous, hot alcoholic, cold alcoholic, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and hexane, As well as, chemical families phenols and flavonoids . Preliminary qualitative tests was done for all extracts that been prepared in the study than determined the quantitative analysis of phenols and flavonoids. The results that obtained showed highest percentage of phenols and flavonoids in the hot aqueous extract of Salicornia europaea plant with (89,90 mg/ml) respectively . While, the highest yield of phenol and flavonoids that was isolated from Opuntia ficus-indica in hot aqueous extract (87, 93 mg/ml) respectively. Some active chemical compounds was identified for all extracts for all plants that been under study by GC- Mass . The antioxidant activity of all extracts was evaluated by inhibiting radical DPPH activity and ferric ion reduction . The results recorded that flavonoids had highest displacement capacity with DPPH (95.33%) at concentration of ( 80 mg/ml) for Salicornia europaea . While in Opuntia ficus-indica was flavonoids (95.29%) at (80 mg/ml) . Synergistic effect of mixtures extracts plants recorded highest synergistic inhibition ability DPPH in hot aqueous extract (80%) at concentration (80 mg/ml) , (97.%) flavonoids. Also results showed that the highest value was hot aqueous extract (96.00%) at concentration (80mg/ml) in reduced iron ion reductive activity , Phenol showed reduced reductive activity of ferric ions (91.14%) at (80mg/ml) in Salicornia europaea plant . While in Opuntia ficus-indica in the hot aqueous extract was (96.28%) at (80mg/ml), While the synergistic effect showed highest ferric ion reduction activity in hot aqueous extracts (95.85%) at (80mg/ml) and synergistic activity of phenols and flavonoids (92.28% ,96.57%), respectively, at concentration (80mg/ml). The results showed that flavonoids isolated from Salicornia europaea have the highest inhibition activity of fungi Candia albicans percentage. The inhibition was (15 mm) at a concentration (100mg/ml), and for fungi Parapsilosis was (18 mm) . Phenols against albicans fungi was (14 mm) at (100mg/ml), and against Parapsilosis fungi was (18 mm) at (100 mg/ml). while phenols isolated from the ficus-indica plant also showed the highest value of inhibition against fungi the percentage of inhibition of Candida albicans was (19mm) at (100mg/ml), against of Candida Parapsilosis (17mm) Candida albicans phenols (12mm) and Candida Parapsilosis (16mm) at a concentration of (100mg/ml) . The synergistic activity of mixture phenols and flavonoids showed a flavonoids gave the highest value of inhibiting activity against fungi, also the results of cytotoxic effect of Salicornia europaea and Opuntia ficus-indica extracts showed no toxic effect on the hemolysis of red blood cells, The current study concluded that both plants under study could be a source of active chemical compounds to be used as antioxidants and treatment of pathogenic fungi. CHAPTER ONE Introduction Literature

Cynomorium coccineum L. is an unusual parasitic plant in the family Cynomoriaceae characterized by their unusual appearance and way of life. Due to their special habit and extremely rare occurrence, various magical properties have been attributed to these plants in the past. In the beginning, the alcoholic extract (ethanol 70%), alcoholic extract (ethanol 50%), alcoholic extract (methanol 70%), alcoholic extract (methanol 50%) , Aqueous extract, polyphenols, tannins, and flavonoids were extracted from the plant using an Ultrasonic device, the extraction ratio was (10.211 %, 16.521%, 18.035 %, 12.208 %, 15.531 %, 8.6 %, 6.4%, 1.2 %) respectively.The results of preliminary phytochemical screening of plant extracts showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, steroids, and carbohydrates in all extracts. It was found that alkaloids are present in the methanolic extract only, but the amino acids are present in the aqueous extract and are not present in the rest of the four extracts. Through the results obtained from the phytochemical study, we note that the Cynomorium coccineum L. is rich in active substances, and this is expected because previous studies found many active compounds present in the form of chemical hosts in the Cynomorium coccineum L. plant such as carbohydrates, glycosides, phenol, saponins, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and tannins. Evaluation of antioxidant activity by inhibiting the (1,1- diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, reducing power and Ferric ion reducing, it study results showed that all extracts have antioxidant activity by (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging with different concentrations, showed the superiority of the flavonoid at a concentration of (100mg/ml) with a (90.68%) inhibition ratio, polyphenol isolated (88.39%) at a concentration of (100 mg/ml), tannin isolated (85.63%) at a concentration of (100 mg/ml), and alcoholic extract (ethanol 70%) (83.98%) at a concentration of (100 mg/ml) Compared to ascorbic acid, which recorded (82.14%) at a concentration of (100 mg/ml). Whereas, the alcoholic extract (ethanol 70%) recorded the lowest inhibition rate at a concentration of (20 mg/ml). Also, results showed that all extracts have Reducing power activities than the control, where polyphenol has the highest activity (80.11%) at concentration 100 mg/ml. And the anti-fungal activity of each of the alcoholic extract, polyphenol, tannin, and flavonoid was tested against five types of fungi, namely (C.Tropicals, C.Albicans, C. Cruze, C.Glabrata, Rhodotorella) by using the good disk diffusion method. The extracts showed a clear inhibition effect against fungal at (25, 50, 75, and 100)mg/ml concentrations. Through the results, we note an increase in the inhibition zone of the five fungi by increasing the concentration of the extract, to increase the active substance affecting the increase in concentration. The numbers also indicate that the extracts have a clear activity against Rhodotorella because it is considered less effective than vetch. In most cases, the variation in inhibition rates is the nature of the fungus's composition. Because of differences in the structure and thickness of cell membranes, the number of fungal cells, and the rate of growth of different fungi. Cells with thick walls are more immune to the influence of active compounds in extracts since these compounds are unable to enter the cells to harm them. The activity of these groups was evaluated against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The results showed that the four isolated groups have a significant difference at p ≤ 0.05 between Cynomorium coccineum L. extract concentration and control for (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Summary The present study was carried out in Labs of the Marsh Research Center, Genetic Disease Center, and Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital from April 2022 to February 2023,aimed to investigate the genetic polymorphism of the Haptoglobin (Hp) gene in patients with sickle cell anemia, hepatitis C, and sickle cell anemia with hepatitis C. a total of 130 participants were classified, (40) patients with sickle cell anemia, (40) patients with hepatitis C, (10) sickle cell patients with hepatitis C, and (40) control group. DNA was isolated and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) performed using genotype-specific primers for the three regions of the haptoglobin gene,and genotypes were determined after electrophoresis on agarose gels and determining the amplified fraction of each allele. After obtaining the sequencing results of the haptoglobin gene and for the studied samples and for the three plots Hp2, Hp 1S and Hp 1F, Sequences for all three segments were registered in the NCBI Genome Bank for the first time locally and some were given independent accession numbers, and it will be considered a database for any future researcher working on the Hp genotypes in Iraq. Using the SPSS program, the expected percentages for the three haptoglobin (HP) genotypes were calculated for, sickle cell patients, hepatitis C patients, patients with both sickle cell and hepatitis C and healthy controls, respectively:in Sickle cell Patient Hp1-1(0.13),Hp2-2(0.55),Hp2-1(0.32),Hepatitis C Patient Hp1-1(0.13),Hp2-2(0.63),Hp2-1(0.24), Sickle cell with Hepatitis C Patient Hp1-1(0.20),2(0.60),Hp2-1(0.20),and Control group Hp1-1 (0.30), Hp2-2 (0.50), Hp2-1 (0.20). Statistical analysis revealed no distinguishing features between patients and Control group in the distribution patterns, and the Hp2-2 phenotype was the most prevalent among all groups. The statistical analysis also indicated that the Hp2-2 genotype has a high incidence of sickle cell anemia (55%), in hepatitis C (63%) and sickle cell anemia with hepatitis C patients (60%) compared with other Hp genotype whoever. The results of the current study suggest a link between specific haptoglobin (Hp) genotypes and disease susceptibility. Whereas the T and TT genotype of Hp-2 643 T>A appeared to be more common in both sickle cell anemia and hepatitis C, the GG genotype of Hp-1S (442G˃C, 561 G˃C)was most common in all study groups. As for the Hp-1F 867 G˃ A gene, the G and GG genotypes were more prominent in sickle cell diseases and hepatitis C, which indicates that these genotypes may confer susceptibility to these diseases in Iraqi families. IL8 concentration was increased in all patient groups compared to the control group.According to the haptoglobin genotype the Hp2-2 showed a higher concentration of IL8 in all patient groups. addition, all patient groups showed lower concentrations of Haptoglobin serum in comparison to the control group, According to the types of haptoglobin, in hepatitis C patients, the Hp1-1 genotype had a significantly lower concentration of haptoglobin in theserum comparedto the Hp2-1 and Hp2-2 genotypes, while there were no statistically significant differences between all types of haptoglobin in the control group and other patient groups. The concentration of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine transaminase were increased in all patient groups compared to the control group, and According to the types of haptoglobin the Hp2-2 genotype showed higher alkaline phosphatase and alanine transaminase concentration in all patient groups compared with Hp1-1 and Hp2-1, while no significant change in the aspartate aminotransferase level in any type of haptoglobin in all groups . An analysis of essential trace minerals, the findings suggest that patients in the current study have high levels of Iron and Copper, and Low levels of Zinc, compared to the control group, while serum Chromium concentration does not differ significantly between the two groups. The current results did not show a statistically significant relationship between haptoglobin polymorphisms and levels of Iron, Copper, and Chromium in all participating groups, while the concentration of Zinc differed between haptoglobin types.

الخــــــــلاصــــــة أجريت الدراسة الحالية في محافظة ذي قار (مستشفى بنت الهدى ومختبر كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة ومركز الأبحاث والأهوار لجامعة ذي قار للفترة من شباط 2023 الى آب 2023، جمعت (150 عينة دم ) من النساء الحوامل والمجهضات، المجموعة الاولى (النساء الحوامل) تكونت من 50 امرأة والمجموعة الثانية (النساء المجهضات) تكونت من 100 امرأة تتراوح أعمارهم بين (17 - 46 سنة)، تم تقسيم المرضى والاصحاء إلى ثلاث مجاميع حسب الفئات العمرية، المجموعة الأولى تراوحت أعمارهم بين 17 - 26 سنة، والمجموعة الثانية تتراوح أعمارهم بين 27– 36 سنة، والمجموعة الثالثة تتراوح أعمارهم بين 37 – 46 سنة. هدفت الدراسة الحالية الى دراسة بعض التأثيرات المناعية لأضداد الدهون المفسفره ومستويات TGFβ1 في مصل الدم والاجهاض المتكرر باستخدام تقنية الامتصاص المناعي المرتبط بالانزيم (ELISA)، وقياس بعض المعايير الدموية. علاوة على ذلك، دراسة العلاقة بين الارتباط الاليلي لتعدد الطرز الوراثية لجين VEGF وTGFβ1 والإجهاض المتكرر باستخدام تقنية تسلسل DNA. أظهرت نتائج الدراسة فرق معنوي عالي في مستويات السيتوكينات (TGFβ1) واضداد الدهون المفسفره/IgM, IgG لدى النساء المجهضات مقارنة بالمجموعة الاصحاء وفرق معنوي منخفض في مستوى (TGFβ1) في النساء المجهضات اللواتي لديهم تاريخ عائلي ولكن ليس لديهم امراض أخرى، عند المقارنة بين اللواتي ليس لديهم تاريخ عائلي و لديهم امراض اخرى، في حين كان هناك زيادة في مستوى كل من IgM وIgG وبشكل ملحوظ في النساء المجهضات اللواتي لديهم تاريخ عائلي وليس لديهم أمراض أخرى عند قيمة . p<0.05 اما المعايير الدموية فقد بينت نتائج الدراسة الحالية عدم وجود فروق معنوية في معدل قيم الهيموجلوبين (Hb) وخلايا الدم المكدسة (PCV) في النساء المجهضات، مقارنة مع مجموعة الاصحاء ، في حين ارتفعت عدد كريات الدم البيضاء والكريات الأحادية و الخلايا الليمفاوية والصفيحات الدموية في النساء المجهضات مقارنة مع مجموعة الاصحاء. بينت النتائج وجود الطفرات في 45 عينة من 100 عينة من النساء المجهضات بعد استخدام تحليل التسلسل وبينت نتائج التحليل الإحصائي عدم وجود علاقة بين حدوث الإجهاض عند النساء وظهور الطفرة (G 182C) لجين VEGF بالمقارنة مع الاصحاء في بعض سكان محافظة ذي قار. بينت النتائج وجود طفرة في 43 عينة من 100 عينة من النساء المجهضات بعد استخدام التحليل التسلسل وأظهرت نتائج التحليل الإحصائي وجود ارتباط بين النساء المجهضات وظهور طفرة (C488T) لجين TGFβ1 عند المقارنة مع الاصحاء في بعض سكان محافظة ذي قار. في الاستنتاج، كانت النساء اللواتي تعرضوا للاجهاض المتكرر لديهن عدد أعلى من PLT وإجمالي عدد خلايا الدم البيضاء مقارنة بالأصحاء، وكانت فصيلة الدم B هي الأكثر شيوعًا بين النساء اللواتي تعرضوا للاجهاض المتكرر. يشير ارتفاع معيار الأجسام المضادة للفوسفوليبيد و TGFβ1 إلى دورهم في حدوث الإجهاض المتكرر. نستنتج من الارتباط الإيجابي بين TGF-β وكل من الأجسام المضادة (IgM وIgG APL) إلى أن مستويات TGF-β1 لدى النساء اللواتي تعرضوا للإجهاض ترتبط ارتباطا وثيقا مع مستويات APLA أثناء الحمل وقد يكون لها دور مؤثر في نتائج الحمل. لم يكون في تعدد الأشكال الوراثية للجين VEGF أي تأثير على حالات الاجهاض المتكرر في نساء ذي قار، في حين كانت هناك علاقة بين تعدد الاشكال الوراثية للجين TGFβ1 وحدوث حالات الاجهاض المتكرر.

Urolithiasis is a condition in which hard deposits of minerals and salts build inside the urinary system and can affect people of all ages all over the world. There are many factors related to this disorder including, age, gender, geographical area, environment and the life style. Stones in the urinary system are now considered one of the most serious issues that people face. There are few and limited number of studies related to urinary stones and bacterial isolates in Iraq , therefor this study aimed to isolate and identify bacterial isolates from these stones, as well as to assess antibiotic susceptibility, bacterial virulence factors, and urinary stone chemical analyses. After surgery, stones were collected from 50 patients from different parts of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder. From October 2020 to April 2021, these samples were obtained from the urology units of Al-Hussein and Al-Habobi teaching hospitals as well as AL-Rahman private hospital in Al-Nasiriya city/Iraq. The age of patients ranges from 11 to 99 years old. The stones are crushed in a mortar and split into two parts: one for bacteriological study and the other for chemical study. The stone samples are inoculated on Nutrient broth and grown on blood and MacConky agar as part of the bacteriological investigation. This research includes isolating bacteria on traditional manual culture medium, which is done using old-school clinical microbiology lab culture procedures that are still considered the most essential method for identifying most bacteria. The 76% of collected stones are from men while women account 24% of these stones. This result found that 67% of stone samples have bacterial isolates, whereas, the rest does not have bacterial isolates. The majority of total bacterial isolates which is related to urinary tract stones was Gram positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus caprae (21.4), Micrococcus spp (21.4), Staphylococcus epidermidis (14.3), Staphylococcus xylosus (14.3), Staphylococcus aureus (7.14), Staphylococcus warneri (7.14), Staphylococcus capitis(7.14) and Staphylococcus auricularis (7.14). In addition, this study illustrates Gram negative bacteria from stones such as Ochrobactrum anthropi (10%) , E. coli 45%, Burkholderia cepecia (5%), Elizabethkingia meningosepticum (20%), Klebsiella pneumonia (5%), Pantoea septic (5%) , Chromobacterium violecium (5%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antibiotics used are Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid, Amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin,Vancomycin,Amikacin,Imipenem,Gentamicin, and Ceftriaxone. Detection and identification of bacterial isolates is based on each of biochemical tests, using API 20 test, measurement of sensitivity test of bacteria using susceptibility test to detect the therapy that target the specific pathogenic bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus caprae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus xylosus were found to be sensitive to all antibiotics such as Imipenem, Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid, Vancomycin, Gentamicin, and Ciprofloxacin 75 %, and resistant to Amikacin and Ceftriaxone 25 %. Staphylococcus warneri, Staphylococcus capitis, and Staphylococcus aureus were also shown to be completely resistant to all antibiotics. The Micrococcus is susceptible to 75 % of antibiotics, including imipenem, amoxicillin, amikacin, vancomycin, gentamicin, and Ciprofloxacin, and resistant to 25 % of antibiotics, including amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and Ceftriaxone. Staphylococcus auricularis is responsive to Imipenem and Amoxicillin in 37.5 % of cases, but resistant to Amoxicillin/Clavulanic, Amikacin, Vancomycin, Gentamicin, and Ceftriaxone in 62.5 % of cases. Gram-negative bacteria, such as Burkholderia cepecia, are completely resistant to all antibiotics, but Pantoea septic has a 100% susceptibility to all antibiotics. E.coli , Chromobacterium violecium and Pseudomonas.auruginosa was 25 % sensitive to Imipenem and Ciprofloxacin and 75 % resist to the other antibiotic . Ochrobacterium anthropi has a 25% resistance to Imipenem and Ceftriaxone and a 75% resistance to the other antibiotic; Chrysebacterium meningosepticum and Klebsiella pneumonia have a 12.5 % resistance to Imipenem and an 87.5 % resistance to the other antibiotic. These bacterial isolates are detected by using conventional PCR technique current rapid methods for detecting microbial pathogens in clinical specimens. Virulence genes for Staphylococcus caprae are also considered by Atlc which the result was negative, while virulence genes for E. coli diagnosis are also considered by Fim , the result was positive . Finally, Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence genes PAL1 and PAL2 were identified, as well as PS1 and PS2 for Pseudomonas fluorescens which the result was positive. The second part of the stones was investigated by using infrared spectroscopy examining the component of the stones. The findings revealed that uric acid prevalence increased by 76% and calcium oxalate prevalence increased by 24%, respectively.

ABSTRACT Weak soils, such as loose sand, have high compressibility and low shear strength. Construction on weak soils often requires utilization of ground improvement techniques. However, cement and lime, which are the most common used binder, are the major contributor of CO2 and have sever impacts on the environment. Recently, the construction industry immense pressure to come up with materials and processes that are ecofriendlyand promote sustainable development. Therefore, this research deals with improving the performance of the weak soil in term of increasing it strength using sustainable materials. Two approaches have been employed in this study. The first one dealt with investigating the performance of soil improved by (cement kiln dust, calcined clay, and alkali activator) considering various percentages of Alkali material and activator ratios. While the other approach investigated the using of such sustainable materials as a binder to improve the bearing capacity of the soil by the deep mixed columns, experimentally and numerically.The first approach showed increasing the unconfined compressionstrength of the soil with increasing the Alkali material, cement kiln dust,for all the activator ratios. Cement kiln dust-soil Alkali of 0.4 MPa compared with 0.0167MPa of the untreated soil. Incorporating the calcined clay, which is an alumina-silicate enriched material, consequence of pronounce improvement, where the strength increased drastically to about 3.57MPa when calcined clay/Alkali material= 0.5. Regarding the activator ratio, the optimum ratio necessary to activate the inert cement kiln dust and calcined clay is 0.5, beyond that there is a slow increase or decrease in the strength, depending on the Alkali material content.In the second approach, tests performed using pilot field models, the diameter of column = 15cm and its height = 150cm, revealed clearenhancing of the performance of footing resting on soil reinforced by deep sustainable mixed columns. Compared with bearing capacity ofunreinforced soil of 88 kPa, the bearing capacity of square footing (B = 75cm) increased by 50, 126, 223, 243, 338, 324, 328, 365, and 385%corresponding to reinforcing the soil with 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16 and 20 deep soil mixing columns, respectively. However, when the load was applied on the column only and not the surrounding soil, the bearingcapacity was 16 times that of the untreated soil. The results of this approach were verified numerically using PLAXIS 3D software.

This research aims to experimentally investigate the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams with hybrid fiber. For this purpose seven mixes were studied, one control mix without fibers and six hybrid fiber mixes were prepared consisting of different ratios of steel fibers and polypropylene fibers. Steel fiber crimped was an aspect ratio 50 and volume fractions of 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% , while the polypropylene fiber used had an aspect ratio 375 and volume fractions of 0.15% and 0.3%. Superplasticizer was added in a ratio of 1.5% and the ratio of water to cement was constant in all concrete mixtures and equal to 0.47. In the present study, cubes (150 x 150 x 150)mm were casted for compressive strength test and cylinders (150 x 300)mm to obtain the compressive stress-strain diagrams for each mix. Fourteen reinforced concrete beams with dimensions of (120 x 200 x 1200) mm were casted. All beams were tested under three point loading, seven beams under the static load and the other seven under the repeated load . The load-deflection curves characteristic, ultimate load, and cracking behavior were observed and studied. Additionally, the effect of hybrid fibers on concrete properties has been investigated, and failure patterns in specimens were recorded and discussed intensively. The experimental results indicated that the increase in the hybrid fiber content led to decrease of the workability. All concrete mixtures showed improvement in compressive strength test results due to the effect of the hybrid fiber on the final resistance properties. As a result of the effect of the hybrid fiber, the number of cracks has increased and the distances between them were reduced. However, the cracking pattern caused by the repeated loading was more segmented and extensive than the static loading pattern. These results indicated an increase in the ductility of the concrete and thus improved the structural performance of the beams. The load-carrying capacity of beams was increased by adding the fibers. The highest improvement in compressive strength and ultimate load compared to the plain concrete was 27% and 14%, respectively. This was obtained from including 1% of steel fibers and 0.3% of polypropylene fibers in the concrete mix. Repeated loading has no significant influence on the ultimate load-carrying capacity of the tested beams, but deflections and propagation of cracks increased successively. In addition to that, the vast majority of cracks number were occurred during the first loading cycle. Evaluation of the load-deflection curves of hybrid fiber reinforced beams under static and repeated loads that fibers contribute significantly to maintaining the structural integrity and stability of the concrete. The analytical equations were used in this study indicated the Zhang et. al (2018) analytical model give closer prediction of the flexural strength of beams with hybrid fiber than ACI 544 model. In conclusion the combining of polypropylene and steel fibers improves the multiple properties of a concrete mixture, which can contribute of the prolonging the service life of the building

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) with dialysis is a progressive condition characterized by structural and functional changes to the kidney. It is typically defined as a reduction in kidney function, estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] <60 ml/min/1.73m2, or markers of kidney damage, such as albuminuria, hematuria or abnormalities detected on imaging, present for at least 3 months. In the terminal phase of CKD, dialysis is the most widely used renal replacement therapy throughout the world, contributing to increased patient survival. The present study was designed to active the following aims: Investigate the diagnostic and prognostic role of ghrelin and leptin hormones relevant to CKD, investigation the role of pro nitric oxide in causation of CKD, evaluation of serum Lipids profile status during dialysis, investigation the genetic effect of ghrelin and leptin in the causation of CKD, the present study was started with (180) cases (patients and healthy): Controls group: Includes (90) subject in healthy male and female , ages (18-70) years, Patients group: Includes (90) subject with CKD with dialysis male and female , ages (18-70) years.Biochemical parameters, including nitric oxide, ghrelin, leptin, and lipid profile, were measured for females and males at ages ranging from (18-70) years, and the relationship of these parameters to hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and dialysis durationThe results obtained in this study showed a significant decrease in the concentration of both ghrelin and nitric oxide and a significant increase in the concentration of leptin, and there was no noticeable significant change or a slight decrease in the lipid profile in the group of dialysis patients compared to the control group (P<0.05). The concentration of ghrelin and nitric oxide showed a significant decrease, and a significant increase in the concentration of leptin, and there was no noticeable significant change or a slight decrease in the lipid profile in the female and male groups, dialysis duration , old age , diabetes, hypertension and smokers, compared to the control groups (P <0.05). It is results also showed that there was a significant decrease in the concentration of both ghrelin and nitric oxide and a significant increase in the concentration of leptin, and there was no noticeable significant change or a slight decrease in the lipid profile in dialysis patients female compared to males, and in dialysis patients with diabetes and hypertention, smokers, and those with a duration of dialysis > 1 year compared with dialysis patients without diabetes, hypertension, non-smokers, and those with a duration of dialysis < 1 year (P<0.05), respectively. The results of GHRL 370.A>C Gene show genotypes AA(O.R. = 1.00 , C.I. 95% = Non-C.I), AC (O.R. = 0.72 , C.I. 95% = 0.72-1.91), CC (O.R. = 1.09 , C.I. 95% = 0.31-3.89) and allele C (O.R. = 0.99 , C.I. 95% = 0.51-1.93). The results shows the frequency of the genotypes AA, AC & CC for the GHRL gene for the group of patients and healthy controls and the frequency of the A & C alleles. The present study recorded the AA and CC genotypes increased non-significantly in control group, while the AC genotype increased non-significantly in dialysis patients than control group. The frequency of A and C alleles increased non-significantly in dialysis patients than control group, also recorded by odds. ratio a non-significant between patients and control at (p < 0.05).The genotype sequences of the GHRL gene were registered in the NCBI International GenBank. The results of Leptin 173.T>C Gene show genotypes TT(O.R. = 1.67 , C.I. 95% = 0.64-4.36), TC/CC (O.R. = 2.25 , C.I. 95% = 0.50-10.05) and allele C (O.R. = 1.23 , C.I. 95% = 0.64-2.36). We note from the result of the alignment between the amino acids resulting from the translation of the codes for the studied leptin gene sequence that the type of mutation occurring is due to changing the base T to C at the lep site. T173C is a missense mutation, The result of Leptin 173.T>C Gene showed that one SNP site was obtained at the lep site T>C.173. This mutation resulted in three genotypes: TT, TC & CC. The results of the translation of the studied region of the lep gene sequence confirmed that the mutation is of the missense mutation type , From the results of the current study, the following elements can be concluded: Diabetes or insulin resistance is a major feature of chronic kidney disease. Nitric oxide can be considered a biomarker for early prediction of chronic kidney disease and access to dialysis. Leptin and ghrelin levels are associated with dialysis because they are clearly associated with an increased risk of developing chronic kidney disease. Oxidative stress is an important feature of the hemodialysis phase. Leptin levels are positively associated with dialysis while ghrelin, nitric oxide, and lipid profile levels are negatively associated with dialysis. The AA, AC and CC Genotypes and C allele of GHRL gene , also The TT, TC and CC Genotypes and C allele of Leptin gene more cocommon in the CKD with dialysis compared to the control group.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second-leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world, on the other hand gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide and the third-leading cause of cancer-associated mortality. The present study is designed to determine the serum levels of postoperative Carcino-Embryonic Antigen (CEA), Carbohydrate antigen 19-9, Folic acid, Vitamin D, Selenium (Se), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd) , nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) in patients with colorectal and gastric cancer. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis for Delta-like 1 homolog protein (DLK-1) and Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) protein were achieved, and see if there is a link between CRC and GC and each of the variables evaluated. The study includes (90) men and women which are divided into three groups: (30) patients of colorectal cancer with age range (30―70) year, (30) patients of gastric cancer with age range (35 −70) years and (30) supposed healthy subjects (control) with age range (30 −70) years. The results show that there is a significant increase in serum concentrations of each carcino-embryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen 19-9, Cd and Pb in colorectal and gastric cancer patients in comparison with (control) group at (P<0.05). Also a significant decrease in serum concentrations of Co in colorectal and gastric cancer patients. Regarding folic acid the results show that there is a significant decrease in its serum concentration in colorectal cancer patients. On the other hand, we found that the copper concentration was low in colorectal cancer patients. While it was found that the selenium concentration was significantly low in gastric cancer patients compared to the control group. It was also foun that the level of nickel is significantly high in colorectal cancer patients compared at (P<0.05) to the control group. For histopathological detection number of studied cases were 30 cases with colorectal cancer, 30 cases with gastric cancer, and 20 cases as control. Colorectal cancer results showed that 8 cases (26.6%) were stage II, 20 cases (66.6%) were stage III and 2 cases (6.6%) were stage IV, also our results showed that the 24 cases (80%) of colorectal cancer were moderately differentiated and 6 cases (20%) were poorly differentiated. Histopathological study of gastric cancer showed that 7 cases (23.3%) were stage II, 21 cases (70%) were stage III and 2 cases (6.6%) were stage IV, also our results showed that the 27 cases (90%) of gastric cancer were moderately differentiated and 3 cases (10%) were poorly differentiated. Results of colorectal cancer immunohistochemical analysis show that 26 cases which were positive stain for DLK-1; staining with score +++ was seen in 25 (83.3%) cases and score ++ was seen in one case (3.3%), on the other hand four (13.3%) cases of colorectal carcinoma were negative. Results of gastric cancer immunohistochemical analysis for DLK-1 show that the 22 cases which were positive stain for DLK-1; staining with score +++ was seen in 15 (50%) cases and score ++ was seen in 7 case (23.3%), on the other hand 8 (26.6%) cases of gastric cancer were negative. Results of colorectal cancer immunohistochemical analysis for adenomatous polyposis coli were as follows: classified the cases of carcinoma, and control groups into different scores (-, +, ++ and showed a significant difference (P≤0.05). Thirty cases which were positive stain for adenomatous polyposis coli; staining with score +++ was seen in 17 (56.6%) cases and score ++ was seen in 13 case (43.3%), on the other hand no cases of colorectal cancer were negative. Results of gastric cancer immunohistochemical analysis for adenomatous polyposis coli were as follows: eighteen cases were positive stain for adenomatous polyposis coli; staining with score +++ was seen in four (13.3%) cases and score ++ was seen in 14 cases (46.6%), on the other hand 12 (40%) cases of gastric cancer were negative. In conclusion (46.66 % and 60 %) of postoperative CRC and GC patients respectively, show a high levels (>5 ng/ml) of CEA, these results maybe indicate to the recurrence of the disease. The increasing of CA 19-9 was over than the cutoff value (>37 ng/ml) in (43.33 % and 53.33 %) of postoperative CRC and GC patients respectively, presence of high CA19-9 levels after tumor resection may be the consequence of possible residual tumor, which can result in the disease recurrence. A decrease in the concentrations of folic acid in the sera of the CRC patients might play a role in cancer development among patients. The present findings suggest that imbalance in Cu, Co and Se trace elements levels that associated with CRC and GC might play an important role in cancer development among patients. According to our findings, elevated levels of Cd, Ni, and Pb may have a role in the pathogenicity of CRC and GC. Immunohistochemistry data revealed that APC and DLK-1 may play an important role in human CRC and GC carcinogenesis, and that they could be used as a tumor markers help in the diagnosis of the colorectal and gastric cancers. Chapter One

Establishing geotechnical maps for Nasiriyah is essential for the preliminary design of soil foundations for any structure, especially with the increase in investment projects. They permit fast access to the engineering properties of soil, define the problematic soil, suggest suitable methods of improvement, detect the water table, and propose the type of foundation. In addition, offering prior knowledge and correlations for the soil parameters that greatly aid in reliability analysis and design of the geotechnical structures. In this study, a robust database of soil properties in Nasiriyah was considered based on data collected from 423 boreholes from several projects in the governorate. The data was analyzed using a geostatistics analyzer, represented by two methods: the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) and Kriging approaches. The results of the two methods were compared in terms of accuracy to create geotechnical maps by matching field results that were isolated for comparison and were not included in the calculations. The allowable bearing capacity qall of Nasiriyah soil was calculated according to the average results to computed by six methods, Terzaghi (1943), Skempton (1951), Hansen (1970), Vesic (1973), Meyerhof (1963), Eurocode7 (1996) and for three types of foundations (square, circular and strip). The correlations were made for different soil a property which helps in modern design. Relationships, graphs, maps, and equations were then linked to guide the geotechnical engineers when designing projects in Nasiriyah. On the other hand, the design characteristics of the strength variables of soil in Nasiriyah were determined, utilizing Eurocode 7 equations and Bayesian statistics. Various methods of determination for laboratory and field tests were expressed through probability distribution models and the reduction of spatial variance. The geotechnical maps, that were produced by applying Arc GIS (10.7.1) on an extensive database and based on two statistical methods: Kriging and IDW, demonstrated a good agreement with the results obtained using Python programs. The Kriging method yielded a 1% error rate, while the IDW method yielded a 7% error rate. With respect to the bearing capacity of soil, the lowest bearing capacity of soil in the region south of Nasiriyah was (57-94) kN/m2, and the highest a bearing capacity the eastern region of Nasiriyah was (290) kN/m2, while in the northern region was (94-124) kN/m2. For the correlations between soil parameters, the correlation between c and φ° is positive and medium. This relationship was based on 75 test boreholes at an Al-Gharf oil-producing facility. However, the value of the angle of friction in most other Nasiriyah projects approaches zero and is occasionally ignored. To create a reliable design, the average values of soil parameters are not enough, and the number of data and the variance of the site must be taken into account. In a Bayesian analysis of typical soil parameters, the ordinary, normal distribution (OND) method produced results similar to those of the bivariate normal (BV) method, with a marginal difference due to covariance. The maximum posterior density (MPD) technique presupposes that the bivariate posterior probability distribution is expected in approach Bayesian, the process of MPD outcomes are comparable to those of the analytic solution. The kriging method produces more precise results, forecasting data in the preliminary design and making prior data. It's used in a Bayesian approach to provide the final design within an accurate, dependable, and economically distinct value.

Abstract Background: Although Polymerase-chain- reaction is the gold standard for verifying infection, chest Computed tomography has been demonstrated to be more sensitive for the detection Coronavirus Disease -19, Ground glass opacities, consolidation, or both. Computed tomography findings after a one year linked with continuous symptoms after primary mild- moderate Covid-19 infection. Aim of the study: This study investigated the chest Computed tomography findings after 12 months of follow-up in patients with persistent respiratory symptoms from previous mild-to-moderate COVID-19 infections to evaluate the association of these symptoms with Computed tomography findings. Patients and method : This is an observational, cross-sectional study conducted on 150 patients, 93 males and 57 females, aged between 20 and 75 years, who attended the medical Consultation Clinic in Al-Hussien Teaching Hospital during the period from march 2023 to January 2024 in Al Nasiriyah City, Thi-Qar Province, Iraq. All patients had persistent COVID-19 symptoms following an initial mild or moderate illness. Results: Most of the patients in this study were male (62%), aged between 51 and 75 years (66.67%), whose healthy weight (59.33%), high education level (68.67%), and non-smokers (78.67%). Most of the patients had dry cough (52.67%), and dyspnea (63.33%), while most of them did not have chest pain (63.67%). Most of the patients had normal chest Computed tomography findings (58.67%), and only 41.33% had abnormal chest computed tomography findings, {distributed as unilateral and bilateral findings (16.67% and 24.67%, respectively)}, 17.33% of patients had interlobular septal thickening; 20% has ground glass opacities ; 12.67% had fibrotic-like changes; 7.33% had reticulation; 4% had consolidation; 7.3% had honeycombing; and 4% had bronchiectasis. Conclusion: About 41.33% of post- COVID-19 patient who initially had a mild or moderate disease established noticeable abnormalities in their chest computed tomography 12 months after the infection. The presence of persistent respiratory symptoms, especially cough, and chest pain, was found to be associated with various chest Computed Tomography finding. Key Words: Chest Computed Tomography, Mild – Moderate Covid-19 Infection, Persistent Respiratory Symptoms.

Gestational diabetes is a diabetes diagnosed in second or third trimester of pregnancy that was not clearly overt diabetes prior to gestation. Gestational diabetes is a complication of pregnancy that is characterized by impaired glucose tolerance, it develops when pancreatic -cells reserve is not sufficient to compensate for the increased insulin resistance during pregnancy. The present study was designed to search in some unknown possible causes of gestational diabetes biochemically and genetically. This study is a case control study included (380) pregnant women in first trimester (9-13 weeks) of gestation, during follow up in [late second trimester and early third trimester (24-28 weeks)], 75 of them diagnosed of GDM, 75 of them without GDM (Control group) and 230 of them excluded. Biochemical parameters including OGTT, FBG, HbA1c, insulin, HOMA-IR, adiponectin, TNF-α, IL-1β, MDA, GSH were measured in the [first trimester (9-13 weeks)] and [second and third trimester (24-28 weeks)]. The results obtained in this study show a significant increase in the concentration of OGTT, FBG, HbA1c, insulin, HOMA-IR, TNF-α, IL-1β and MDA in the GDM-2 group in comparison with the GDM-1 and Cont-2 groups (p≤0.05). Whereas, concentration of adiponectin and GSH showed a significant decrease in the GDM-2 group in comparison with the GDM-1 and Cont-2 groups (p≤0.05). Also the results show a significant decrease in the concentration of adiponectin in the GDM-1 group in comparison with the Cont-1 group (p≤0.05) and the present study shows no significant difference in the Summary concentration of FBG, HbA1c, insulin, HOMA-IR, TNF-α, IL-1β, MDA and GSH between GDM-1 group and Cont-1 group (p<0.05). Also the results show no significant difference in the concentration of FBG, HbA1c, insulin, HOMA-IR, adiponectin, TNF-α, IL-1β, MDA and GSH between Cont-2 group and Cont-1 group (p<0.05). The results show negative correlation between adiponectin and (OGTT, FBG, HbA1c, insulin, HOMA-IR, TNF-α, IL-1β, MDA), and positive correlation between adiponectin and GSH in GDM-2 group. The results of ADIPOQ gene SNP (rs 2241766) show genotypes GG (p-value = 0.003 , O.R. = 1.94 , C.I. 95% = 0.82-4.58), TG (p-value = 0.007 , O.R. = 1.43 , C.I. 95% = 0.58-3.52) and allele G (p-value = 0.000 , O.R. = 2.27 , C.I. 95% = 1.24-4.13) were more common in the GDM-2 group compared to the Cont-2 group. Also the results show genotypes GG, TG and allele G frequencies increased in GDM-2 group (46.7%, 35.5% and 64.4%, respectively) than in Cont-2 group (31.1%, 26.7% and 44.4%, respectively). In other hand, the genotype TT and allele T showed decreased frequencies in GDM-2 group (17.8% and 35.6%, respectively) than in Cont-2 group (42.2% and 55.6%, respectively). From the present study, HOMA-IR, is a key feature of gestational diabetes. Adiponectin can consider an early prediction biomarker for gestational diabetes. Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and IL-1β levels have a significant role in the incidence of gestational diabetes as they clearly associated with the increased risk of gestational diabetes. Oxidative stress is a significant feature of the late second trimester as well as early third trimester. Chapter One Introduction and Literature

Abstracts Background: the incidence of Ureterolithiasis is approximatly (11%) of men and (7%) of women. The helical Computed tomography is consider now the [gold standard] for diagnosis of both renal and ureteric calculi. Reducing of the charge from (199 to 75 mA) lead to comparable detection of stone while reducing radiation exposure. Aim of the study: This study conducted a comparison between low and standard doses of Computed tomography technology in the diagnosis of ureterolithiasis. Patients and method: This is an observational, and prospective study conducted on 120 patients, 72 males and 48 females, aged between 19 and 50 years who attended the kidney and urinary tract Diseases Consultation Clinic in Al-Hussien Teaching Hospital during the period extending from June 2023 to January 2024 in Al Nasiriyah City, Thi-Qar Province, Iraq. All patients suffered from ureterolithiasis and who underwent both Standard –dose Computed tomography [SDCT] and Low-dose Computed tomography [LDCT], respectively in the same day, was performed via Revolution EVO, GE Healthcare, Japan, without intravenous or oral contrast. Results: The mean age of patients in this study was 30.8±9.42 years, the mean weight of patients was 81.03±11.11 kg, the mean height was 164.97±7.82 cm, and lastly, the mean Body Mass Index[BMI] was 29.89±4.59 kg/m2. Most of the patients in this study had only one stone (50%), 60% of those had stones at the distal ureter, 19% at the mid ureter, and 21% at the proximal ureter, most of the patients had stones on the left side of the body (67%). There was highly significant difference in Total Effective Dose between both protocols, it was 13.39 ± 1.04 mSv in SDCT compared to 1.34 ± 0.44 mSv in LDCT, with a p-value less than 0.001. Conclusion: A significantly decreased dosage index protocol could be a viable substitute for Standard-dose Computed tomography [SDCT] for evaluating suspected stones, especially in younger patients who are improbable to have other medical conditions and who need follow up.

Every location on Earth receives an amount of sunlight throughout the year, but the amount of solar radiation that a spot receives varies from place to place on the Earth's surface. This amount is called "solar radiation", which is also known as "photoelectric radiation"; It is emitted by the sun in the form of light that is captured by solar energy technologies, and converted into useful forms of energy. In this study, solar energy accounts were found for three regions around the world, which are "Nasiriyah, Greenwich, Kampala", and then compared the results and reached the best possible result for benefiting from solar energy. The reason for choosing these places is that the city of "Nasiriya" is the place for this study, and "Greenwich" is located in the northern region of the globe, while "Kampala" is located on the equator. The geographical location, the angles of inclination of the solar radiation and the angles of the inclination of the receiving solar collector to the sun were taken into account for three times during a day in each month throughout the year, in addition to the ground reflectivity coefficient. The total collected solar energy was extracted from direct, dispersed and reflected energy through their own laws. Some other factors were excluded from the calculations such as clouds, humidity, dust and smoke, and the results showed that it is wrong to take the angle of inclination of the solar collector as the same as the latitude angle, and using this method to find solar energy calculations may differ slightly from the actual results for all cities.